Table Of Content• Helm Field Guides •
Birds of Kenya
&
Northern
Tanzania
Dale A. Zimmerman
Donald A. Turner
David J. Pearson
CHRISTOPHER HELM
London
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This electronic edition published in 2020 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
First published in 1999 by Christopher Helm Publishers.
Digital edition published 2013 by Christopher Helm, an imprint of Bloomsbury
Publishing Plc., 50 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3DP
Copyright © 1999 text and maps by Dale A. Zimmerman, Donald A. Turner
and David J. Pearson
Copyright © 1999 illustrations Dale A. Zimmerman, Ian Willis and H. Douglas Pratt
The right of Dale A. Zimmerman, Donald A. Turner and David J. Pearson to
be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any
form or by any means –photographic, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, taping or information storage or retrieval systems –
without permission of the publishers.
www.bloomsbury.com
www.bloomsburywildlife.com
Bloomsbury Publishing: London, New Delhi, New York and Sydney
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-7136-7550-4 (print)
ISBN 978-1-4729-8102-8 (ePub)
ISBN 978-1-4729-8103-5 (ePDF)
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CONTENTS
PREFACE 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6
INTRODUCTION 7
THE SPECIES ACCOUNTS 7
ILLUSTRATIONS 8
PLATE CAPTION NOTES 9
DISTRIBUTION MAPS 9
HABITAT TERMINOLOGY 9
TAXONOMY AND SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE 10
ENGLISH NAMES 11
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT AND PLATE CAPTIONS 11
TERMS RELATING TO BIRD IDENTIFICATION 12
COLOUR PLATES 19
THE SPECIES ACCOUNTS 269
Ostriches, STRUTHIONIDAE 269
Grebes, PODICIPEDIDAE 269
Albatrosses, DIOMEDEIDAE 270
Petrels and Shearwaters, PROCELLARIIDAE 271
Storm-petrels, HYDROBATIDAE 273
Tropicbirds, PHAETHONTIDAE 274
Pelicans, PELECANIDAE 274
Boobies, SULIDAE 275
Cormorants, PHALACROCORACIDAE 276
Darters, ANHINGIDAE 276
Frigatebirds, FREGATIDAE 277
Shoebill, BALAENICIPITIDAE 277
Herons and Bitterns, ARDEIDAE 277
Hamerkop, SCOPIDAE 282
Storks, CICONIIDAE 282
Ibises and Spoonbills, THRESKIORNITHIDAE 284
Flamingos, PHOENICOPTERIDAE 286
Ducks and Geese, ANATIDAE 286
Secretary Bird, SAGITTARIIDAE 292
Vultures, Hawks, Buzzards, Eagles and Osprey, ACCIPITRIDAE 293
Falcons, FALCONIDAE 309
Quail and Francolins, PHASIANIDAE 314
Guineafowl, NUMIDIDAE 319
Button-quail and Quail-plover, TURNICIDAE 320
Rails, RALLIDAE 321
Cranes, GRUIDAE 325
Finfoot, HELIORNITHIDAE 326
Bustards, OTIDIDAE 326
Jacanas, JACANIDAE 329
Painted-snipe, ROSTRATULIDAE 329
Crab-plover, DROMADIDAE 330
Oystercatchers, HAEMATOPODIDAE 330
Stilts and Avocets, RECURVIROSTRIDAE 330
Thick-knees, BURHINIDAE 331
Coursers and Pratincoles, GLAREOLIDAE 332
Plovers, CHARADRIIDAE 335
Sandpipers, SCOLOPACIDAE 340
Skuas, STERCORARIIDAE 348
Gulls and Terns, LARIDAE 349
Skimmers, RYNCHOPIDAE 357
Sandgrouse, PTEROCLIDAE 357
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CONTENTS
Pigeons and Doves, COLUMBIDAE 359
Parrots and Lovebirds, PSITTACIDAE 363
Turacos, MUSOPHAGIDAE 364
Cuckoos and Coucals, CUCULIDAE 366
Barn Owls and Grass Owls, TYTONIDAE 372
Typical Owls, STRIGIDAE 372
Nightjars, CAPRIMULGIDAE 376
Swifts, APODIDAE 382
Mousebirds, COLIIDAE 385
Trogons, TROGONIDAE 386
Kingfishers, ALCEDINIDAE 387
Bee-eaters, MEROPIDAE 389
Rollers, CORACIIDAE 393
Hoopoe, UPUPIDAE 394
Wood-hoopoes and Scimitarbills, PHOENICULIDAE 395
Hornbills, BUCEROTIDAE 397
Barbets and Tinkerbirds, CAPITONIDAE 400
Honeyguides, INDICATORIDAE 406
Woodpeckers and Wrynecks, PICIDAE 408
Broadbills, EURYLAIMIDAE 412
Pittas, PITTIDAE 412
Larks, ALAUDIDAE 413
Wagtails, Pipits and Longclaws, MOTACILLIDAE 419
Swallows and Martins, HIRUNDINIDAE 424
Bulbuls, PYCNONOTIDAE 428
Babblers, Chatterers and Illadopses, TIMALIIDAE 435
Thrushes and Chats, TURDIDAE 439
Flycatchers, MUSCICAPIDAE 453
Warblers, SYLVIIDAE 457
White-eyes, ZOSTEROPIDAE 482
Tits, PARIDAE 484
Penduline Tits, REMIZIDAE 485
Creepers, CERTHIIDAE 486
Monarch Flycatchers, MONARCHIDAE 486
Batises and Wattle-eyes, PLATYSTEIRIDAE 488
Helmet-shrikes, PRIONOPIDAE 492
Shrikes, LANIIDAE 494
Bush-shrikes, MALACONOTIDAE 497
Cuckoo-shrikes, CAMPEPHAGIDAE 504
Drongos, DICRURIDAE 505
Orioles, ORIOLIDAE 506
Crows, CORVIDAE 508
Starlings and Oxpeckers, STURNIDAE 509
Sunbirds, NECTARINIIDAE 516
Sparrows and Petronias, PASSERIDAE 527
Weavers, PLOCEIDAE 528
Waxbills, ESTRILDIDAE 549
Seedeaters and Canaries, FRINGILLIDAE 559
Old World Buntings, EMBERIZIDAE 562
INDEX 564
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PREFACE
This field guide is an abridged edition of the authors’ Birds of Kenya and Northern
Tanzania published in 1996. It treats all species known from the region, including a
few vagrants added to the avifauna subsequent to the appearance of that publication.
Although the vast majority of persons who have provided us with comments on the ear-
lier book decidedly favoured its format and its detailed treatment, a significant number
expressed the desire for something smaller that could be conveniently carried on foot-
excursions away from their tents or safari vehicles. They still wanted all benefits of the
‘big book’ available in the field, plus something less weighty and nearer ‘pocket-sized’
to have with them at all times.
Some serious birders dismember large regional books, separating the text from the
fascicle of plates which they keep available for instant reference in a shoulder bag or
rucksack, but most eschew such drastic measures. Although Birds of Kenya and Northen
Tanzania was not designed for hand-carrying, we have seen several excised sets of plates
bound with hard protective covers to withstand rough, prolonged use on treks in the
bush. After lengthy deliberation, we decided to condense as much information as pos-
sible into a smaller and more portable format to meet the obvious demand, but we stress
that this new guide is not intended as a substitute for the original book to which we refer
our present readers for many details and the extensive supplementary material.
Of necessity, the new species accounts are greatly abbreviated, and all have been re-
written, but most of the present material has been taken directly from the original book.
We have updated our treatment with occasional modifications, a few additions and
corrections. Extensive deletion was required throughout, the accounts being reduced by
about half from those of the larger book. Many comments on taxonomy, the separate sec-
tions on behaviour and ecology, descriptions of some less common vocalizations, point-
ers for identification of certain birds in the the hand, and other useful features have been
eliminated or drastically reduced. We have also condensed our treatment of subspecies.
Literature references have been sacrificed, and users will have to consult the larger book
for these. The glossary is much smaller. The lengthy discussions of climate and habitats,
appendices, gazetteer and bibliography have been eliminated. For these the reader must
refer to the earlier volume. Range statements have been severely reduced, the space
instead devoted to retention of distribution maps for most species. (Despite lessened
utility of ranges depicted on a reduced scale, a small map is vastly better than none; and
presenting maps within the text is, we believe, preferable to having them isolated in a
separate section of the book. Maps have been omitted for vagrants, a few truly rare spe-
cies, and those of extremely restricted distribution.) Abridgement notwithstanding, our
aim has been to present more identification-related information than is found in most
modern field-books of this size.
At the species level we have made three taxonomic deviations from our original treat-
ment, one in the Musophagidae, one in the Laniidae and one in the Malaconotidae.
Nicator is now treated as a bush-shrike (as it was years ago) rather than with the bulbuls.
The text again is the product of all three authors. The colour plates are those of the
original book. These were designed by Zimmerman who painted 79 of them (includ-
ing all of the passerines). Ian Willis and H. Douglas Pratt produced 25 and 20 plates
respectively. Turner and Pearson executed the distribution maps. Zimmerman prepared
the introductory material, plate-caption pages and all line drawings (several of which are
new in this book).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Space limitations preclude listing here the many individuals and institutions who con-
tributed so significantly to the earlier book. However, we wish to thank each of them
once again, and also express our appreciation to the numerous reviewers of that volume
in the scientific and popular press. Specifically providing assistance and/or responding
to queries relating directly to this field guide have been Thomas Brooks, Adrian Craig,
Kimball Garrett (Los Angeles County Museum), Mary LeCroy (American Museum of
Natural History), Jeremy Lindsell, and David Willard (Field Museum of Natural History).
Dustin Huntington again has rendered invaluable assistance with computer-disk conver-
sion of the manuscript. Marian Zimmerman has contributed significantly by reading and
correcting the hundreds of text pages in various drafts, and she has offered much valued
advice. Once again, it has been a pleasure to work with Robert Kirk, of A & C Black, who
has been the driving force behind this enterprise.
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INTRODUCTION
This volume describes and illustrates the 1084 bird species definitely recorded from the
Republic of Kenya, and coverage extends south through ecologically similar territory to
5º 30’ south latitude in Tanzania, embracing an additional 34 bird species not found in
Kenyan territory. These northern Tanzanian birds are shown on three separate colour
plates (122–124), although the text treats them in taxonomic sequence alongside their
Kenyan relatives.
Excluded are the birds of extreme northwestern Tanzania, and those found only west
of a line southward from Mwanza on the southern shore of Lake Victoria. These western
species are more typical of the Ugandan/central African fauna and are beyond the scope
of this book. Our arbitrary southern boundary has been dictated by practical consider-
ations. It was clearly desirable to include all species in the popular tourist destinations
of Serengeti and other northern Tanzanian national parks, plus the intriguing Usambara
Mountains so close to the Kenyan border. In more southern areas, however, access
problems limit or preclude easy visitation to many choice sites, and the many different
montane endemics and miombo woodland birds alone would have expanded our spe-
cies list to unwieldy proportions. Nevertheless, many of the book’s included species are
widespread in eastern Africa, so that our coverage effectively embraces some 90 per cent
of the 1046 birds known from Tanzania, 85 per cent of Uganda’s 1008 species, and a
majority of those in southern Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan as well.
THE SPECIES ACCOUNTS
Species are treated following a brief family summary. Introductory paragraphs are also
provided for a few large subfamilies or genera. These contain information relating to the
group as a whole, not repeated under the various species headings. Each species account
begins with the bird’s English name (see below) followed by its scientific name—trino-
mial if only one subspecies of a polytypic species is present in the region, binomial if (a)
no subspecies are recognized or (b) if two or more are present here (in which case they
are named beyond). Following the name and colour-plate number is an approximation
of the bird’s length in inches.
An asterisk (*) preceding the name indicates a lack of either specimen or suitable
photographic evidence of the species in our region. One of those so marked (Green
Crombec) is supported by tape recordings.
Initial remarks under the species’ name concern important recognition features,
typically relating to the bird’s appearance, but at times reflecting some behavioural trait,
important habitat or diagnostic distributional point as well. Plumage descriptions are
not necessarily complete. They are designed to supplement the figures on the colour
plates, sometimes ignoring features that are obvious from the illustration. Where most
or all species in a group share a common broad feature such as brown upperparts or
white underparts, these may receive no mention unless the context so demands. Adult
plumage, and similar or identical sexes, should be assumed unless otherwise indicated.
Amount of descriptive detail varies with the complexity of the group or variation within
the species. Birds that are difficult to identify are treated more fully than those that are
well-marked or unmistakable. Noteworthy features or unique combinations important
to identification are printed in italics. Where necessary, male and female are mentioned
separately, as, if applicable, are breeding and non-breeding adult plumages and different
colour morphs. The term juvenile refers to the bird’s first real plumage following the natal
down. Immature is used for any subsequent stage preceding adult plumage, although it
is often appropriate to specifically mention a first-winter dress. We also use subadult for
certain plumages in species requiring several years to reach ‘full’ adult status. Significant
subspecific differences are indicated. For some polytypic species, ranges of the various
races receive only brief mention, and subspecies characterized by only minor differences
are not described (although virtually all that are recognized by us are at least named).
Similar species likely to be sources of confusion are also referred to where necessary.
Terms used in species descriptions are identified on the bird topography drawings and/
or are defined in the glossary.
Relative numerical status is expressed in the terms abundant, common, fairly common,
uncommon, scarce, or rare, designations intended only as a rough guide. (A bird may be
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INTRODUCTION
abundant one season, rare or absent the next, and numbers may vary greatly between
areas. The same term also differs in meaning between groups; a ‘common’ weaver or
dove is far more numerous than a ‘common’ buzzard or eagle.) A casual species is one
recorded only 5–10 times in the region, but, considering its normal range, is one that
can be expected to turn up again. Occasional species appear every few years, but not
regularly. Accidental or vagrant birds have been found once or twice but are not likely
to be seen again. (Some pelagic species, currently so considered, may prove to be casual
or regular with increased offshore observation.)
Resident species are those present in the region year-round, and such status is assumed
unless otherwise stated. Palearctic migrants visit East Africa during the northern autumn
and winter following breeding in Eurasia. Some remain here for a few months as winter
residents, but others move through as passage migrants to ‘winter’ quarters in southern
Africa. Intra-African migrants regularly move into or through our region, e.g. Plain
Nightjars disperse southward into Kenya following nesting in northeast Africa, and the
southern race of African Golden Oriole spends April to August with us after breeding in
the southern tropics. A few Malagasy migrants such as Madagascar Lesser Cuckoo and
Madagascar Pratincole breed on Indian Ocean islands before spending a significant por-
tion of their year in Africa.
Descriptions of vocalizations, usually given under call or song, are based wherever
possible on our own tape recordings and field notes, supplemented by those of our col-
leagues. A few descriptions are based on reports in the literature, references to which are
found in Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania.
Geographic distribution within our region is briefly outlined in the text, under
Range for all resident species, under Range/status for palearctic, afrotropical and other
migrants. (For vagrants, only status is considered.) Distributions are elucidated in terms
of cities, major towns, districts (and/or ‘regions’ in Tanzania), important topographic
features, national parks and game reserves. Many of those mentioned are located on
the two maps on the front covers. A few features require definition: the eastern Kenyan
plateau encompasses the generally dry regions north, east, and south of the highlands. In
the Rift Valley, that great trough intersecting Kenya from the north and continuing south
to Malawi, lie the important Rift Valley lakes of Turkana, Baringo, Bogoria, Nakuru,
Elmenteita, Naivasha and Magadi in Kenya, Natron and Manyara in northern Tanzania.
The western Kenyan highlands are those west of the Rift, the central highlands are to the
east. Rift Valley highlands may be used for elevated areas in or immediately adjacent to
the Rift. The Masai Steppe is an extensive shelf of dry country extending from Tanzania’s
Rift wall east to the Pangani River valley below the Pare Mts.
Elevation limits (in metres) are often provided, but are omitted for most altitudinally
widespread species. Highlands are considered to be those areas above 1500 m (5000 ft),
lowlands below 500 m (1640 ft). Habitat terminology is discussed below.
Seasonal status and habitat are usually dealt with in the captions facing the colour
plates, but where convenient, occasional comments are included with range statements
or elsewhere in the species account. A Taxonomic Note terminates certain accounts
where our treatment differs from that of other recent authors, or where we wish to direct
attention to a particular point of classification.
THE ILLUSTRATIONS
Experienced observers know that positive species identification often involves more than
matching an unfamiliar bird with a book illustration, but in most cases a person will
first consult the colour plates. Similar species are grouped together among the plates
wherever practical, but there may be additional birds to consider before deciding on
a species name. This is particularly true in challenging groups such as larks, cisticolas
and greenbuls that include numerous confusingly similar species. Sometimes, too, quite
unrelated birds resemble one another. It is always wise to consult the text.
The family sequence of the plates does not parallel that of the text. Among the non-
passerines, ‘waterbirds’ precede ‘landbirds.’ Otherwise we have kept related groups
together when practical, but there are exceptions. Plates 1 and 2, for example, depict
pelagic species regardless of their taxonomic affinities. Optimal space utilization, an
overriding consideration in plate design, has resulted in unconventional placement of
some small families. Ostriches thus appear with other large ground birds, far from their
traditional lead position. Sequence of passerine families is also at variance with the text.
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