Table Of ContentBiot echnology
Second Edition
Fundamentals Special Topics
Volume 1 Volume 9
Biological Fundamentals Enzymes, Biomass, Food and Feed
Volume 2 Volume 10
Genetic Fundamentals and Special Processes
Genetic Engineering
Volume 11
Volume 3 Environmental Processes
Bioprocessing
Volume 12
Volume 4 Modern Biotechnology :
Measuring, Modelling, and Control Legal, Economic and
Social Dimensions
Products
Volume 5
Genetically Engineered Proteins and
Monoclonal Antibodies
Volume 6
Products of Primary Metabolism
Volume 7
Products of Secondary Metabolism
Volume 8
Biotransformations
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-6940 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 1993
Distribution:
VCH, 0. Box 101161, D-6940 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany)
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ISBN 3-527-28311-0 (VCH, Weinheim) ISBN 1-56081-151-X (VCH, New York)
Set ISBN 3-527-28310-2 (VCH, Weinheim) Set ISBN 1-56081-602-3 (VCH, New York)
A Multi-Volume Comprehensive Treatise
Biotechnology
Second, Completely Revised Edition
Edited by
H.-J. Rehm and G. Reed
in cooperation with
A. Piihler and F? Stadler
Volume 1
Biological Fundamentals
Edited by
H. Sahm
*
-
VCH Weinheim New York
- -
Base1 Cambridge Tokyo
Series Editors: Volume Editor:
Prof. Dr. H.-J. Rehm Dr. G. Reed Prof. Dr. H. Sahm
Institut fiir Mikrobiologie 2131 N. Summit Ave. Institut fiir
Universitat Munster Apartment #304 Biotechnologie
CorrensstraBe 3 Milwaukee, WI 53202-1347 Forschungszentrum GmbH
D-4400 Munster USA PO. Box 1913
D-5170 Julich
Prof. Dr. A. Piihler Dr. J. W. Stadler
I?
Biologie VI (Genetik) Bayer AG
Universitat Bielefeld VerfahrensentwicklungB iochemie
PO. Box 100131 Leitung
D-4800 Bielefeld 1 Friedrich-Ebert-StraBe 217
D-5600 Wuppertal 1
book was carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors and publisher do not warrant the information con-
This
tained therein to be freeof errors. Readersare advised to keepinmind thatstatements, data, illustrations, procedural
details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
Published jointly by
VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany)
VCH Publishers Inc., New York, NY (USA)
Editorial Director: Dr. Hans-Joachim Kraus
Editorial Manager: Christa Maria Schultz
Copy Editor: Karin Dembowsky
Production Director: Maximilian Montkowski
Production Manager: Dipl. Wirt.-Ing. (FH) Hans-Jochen Schmitt
Library of Congress Card No.: applied for
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Biotechnology : a multivolume comprehensive treatise / ed. by
H.-J. Rehm and G. Reed. In cooperation with A. Piihler and
Stadler. - 2., completely rev. ed. - Weinheim; New York; F’.
Basel; Cambridge; Tokyo: VCH.
Rehm, Hans J. [Hrsg.]
NE:
2., completely rev. ed.
Vol. 1. Biological fundamentals / ed. by H. Sahm
- 1993
ISBN 3-527-28311-0 (Weinheim)
ISBN 1-56081-151-X (New York)
Sahm, Hermann [Hrsg.]
NE:
OVCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-6940 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 1993
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Bookbinding: Klambt-Druck GmbH, D-6720 Speyer
Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany
Preface
In recognition of the enormous advances in A carefully selected and distinguished Scien-
biotechnology in recent years, we are pleased tific Advisory Board stands behind the series.
to present this Second Edition of “Biotechno- Its members come from key institutions repre-
logy” relatively soon after the introduction of senting scientific input from about twenty
the First Edition of this multi-volume compre- countries.
hensive treatise. Since this series was extremely The volume editors and the authors of the
well accepted by the scientific community, we individual chapters have been chosen for their
have maintained the overall goal of creating a recognized expertise and their contributions to
number of volumes, each devoted to a certain the various fields of biotechnology. Their will-
topic, which provide scientists in academia, in- ingness to impart this knowledge to their col-
dustry, and public institutions with a well-bal- leagues forms the basis of “Biotechnology”
anced and comprehensive overview of this and is gratefully acknowledged. Moreover,
growing field. We have fully revised the Sec- this work could not have been brought to frui-
ond Edition and expanded it from ten to tion without the foresight and the constant and
twelve volumes in order to take all recent de- diligent support of the publisher. We are
velopments into account. grateful to VCH for publishing “Biotechnolo-
These twelve volumes are organized into gy” with their customary excellence. Special
three sections. The first four volumes consider thanks are due Dr. Hans-Joachim Kraus and
the fundamentals of biotechnology from bio- Christa Schultz, without whose constant ef-
logical, biochemical, molecular biological, and forts the series could not be published. Finally,
chemical engineering perspectives. The next the editors wish to thank the members of the
four volumes are devoted to products of indus- Scientific Advisory Board for their encourage-
trial relevance. Special attention is given here ment, their helpful suggestions, and their con-
to products derived from genetically engi- structive criticism.
neered microorganisms and mammalian cells.
The last four volumes are dedicated to the de- H.-J. Rehm
scription of special topics. G.R eed
The new “Biotechnology” is a reference A. Piihler
work, a comprehensive description of the P. Stadler
state-of-the-art, and a guide to the original
literature. It is specifically directed to micro-
biologists, biochemists, molecular biologists,
bioengineers, chemical engineers, and food
and pharmaceutical chemists working in indus-
try, at universities or at public institutions.
Scientific Advisory Board
Prof: Dr. M. J. Beker Prot Dr. I: K. Ghose
August Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology Biochemical Engineering Research Centre
Latvian Academy of Sciences Indian Institute of Technology
Riga, Latvia New Delhi, India
Pro$ Dr. J. D. Bu’Lock Pro$ Dr. I. Goldberg
Weizmann Microbial Chemistry Laboratory Department of Applied Microbiology
Department of Chemistry The Hebrew University
University of Manchester Jerusalem, Israel
Manchester, UK
Pro$ Dr. C. L. Cooney Pro$ Dr. G. Goma
Department of Chemical Engineering Dtpartement de Gtnie Biochimique et
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alimentaire
Cambridge, MA, USA Institut National des Sciences Appliqutes
Toulouse, France
Prof: Dr. H. W Doelle Prof: Dr. D. A. Hopwood
Department ofM icrobiology Department of Genetics
University of Queensland John Innes Institute
St. Lucia, Australia Norwich, UK
Prof: Dr. J. Drews Prof: Dr. E. H. Houwink
F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Organon International bv
Basel, Switzerland Scientific Development Group
Oss, The Netherlands
Prof: Dr. A. Fiechter Pro$ Dr. A. E. Humphrey
Institut fur Biotechnologie Center for Molecular Bioscience and
Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Bio technology
Zurich, Switzerland Lehigh University
Bethlehem, PA, USA
VIII Scientific Advisory Board
Prof Dr. I. Karube Prof Dr. K. Schiigerl
Research Center for Advanced Science Institut fur Technische Chemie
and Technology Universitat Hannover
University of Tokyo Hannover, Germany
Tokyo, Japan
Prof Dr. M.A . Lachance Prof Dr. P Sensi
Department of Plant Sciences Chair of Fermentation Chemistry
University of Western Ontario and Industrial Microbiology
London, Ontario, Canada Lepetit Research Center
Gerenzano, Italy
Prof Dr. Liu Prof Dr. Y H. Tan
I.:
China National Center for Biotechnology Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology
Development National University of Singapore
Beijing, China Singapore
Pro$ Dr. J. E Martin Pro$ Dr. D. Thomas
Department of Microbiology Laboratoire de Technologie Enzymatique
University of Ledn UniversitC de Compibgne
Lebn, Spain Compi&gne,F rance
Prof Dr. B. Mattiasson Prof Dr. W Verstraete
Department of Biotechnology Laboratory of Microbial Ecology
Chemical Center Rijksuniversiteit Gent
University of Lund Gent, Belgium
Lund. Sweden
Prof Dr. M. Rohr Prof Dr. E.-L. Winnacker
Institut fur Biochemische Technologie Institut fur Biochemie
und Mikrobiologie Universitat Miinchen
Technische Universitat Wien Munchen, Germany
Wien, Austria
Prof Dr. H. Sahrn
Institut fur Biotechnologie
Forschungszentrum Jiilich
Jiilich, Germany
Contents
Introduction 1 11. Biology of Industrial Organisms
H. Sahm
7 Methanogens 251
H. Konig
I. General Aspects 8 Methylotrophs 265
L. Dijkhuizen
1 Cell Structure 5 9 Clostridia 285
F. Mayer H. Bahl, P. Diirre
2 Metabolism 47 10 Lactic Acid Bacteria 325
R. Kramer, G. Sprenger M. Teuber
3 Growth of Microorganisms 111 11 Bacillus 367
C. H. Posten, C. L. Cooney F. G. Priest
4 Overproduction of Metabolites 163 12 Pseudomonads 401
0.M . Neijssel, M. J. Teixeira de Mattos, G. Auling
D. W. Tempest
13 Streptomycetes and Corynebacteria 433
5 Metabolic Design 189 W. Piepersberg
H. Sahm
14 Yeasts 469
6 Special Morphological and J. J. Heinisch, C. P. Hollenberg
Metabolic Behavior of Immobilized
15 Filamentous Fungi 515
Microorganisms 223
F. Meinhardt, K. Esser
H.4. Rehm,S. H. Omar
16 Bacteriophages 543
H. Sandmeier, J. Meyer
17 Plant Cell Cultures 577
M. Petersen, A. W.A lfermann
Index 615
Contributors
Prof. Dr. August Wilhelm Alfermann Prof. Dr. Lubbert Dijkhuizen
Institut fur Entwicklungs- und Department of Microbiology
Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen University of Groningen
Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Kerklaan 30
UniversitatsstraSe 1 NL-9751 AA Haren
D-4000 Dusseldorf 1 The Netherlands
Federal Republic of Germany Chapter 8
Chapter I7
Prof. Dr. Georg Auling Priv.-Doz. Dr. Peter Durre
Institut fur Mikrobiologie Institut fur Mikrobiologie
Universitat Hannover Universitat Gottingen
Schneiderberg 50 GrisebachstraBe 8
D-3000 Hannover D-3400 Gottingen
Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 12 Chapter 9
Priv.-Doz. Dr. Hubert Bahl Prof. Dr. Karl Esser
Institut fur Mikrobiologie Fakultat fur Biologie
Universitat Gottingen Lehrstuhl fur Allgemeine Botanik
GrisebachstraSe 8 Ruhr-Universitat Bochum
D-3400 Gottingen Postfach 10214 8
Federal Republic of Germany D-4630 Bochum 1
Chapter 9 Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter I5
Prof. Dr. Charles L. Cooney Dr. Jurgen J. Heinisch
Department of Chemical Engineering Institut fur Mikrobiologie
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Heinrich-Heine-Universitat
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Universitatsstraae 1
Chapter 3 D-4000 Diisseldorf 1
Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 14
XI1 Contributors
Prof. Dr. Cornelis Hollenberg Prof. Dr. Oense M. Neijssel
l?
Institut fur Mikrobiologie Department of Microbiology
Heinrich-Heine-Universitat University of Amsterdam
UniversitatsstraBe 1 Nieuwe Achtergracht 127
D-4000 Diisseldorf 1 NL-1018 WS Amsterdam
Federal Republic of Germany The 'Netherlands
Chapter 14 Chapter 4
Prof. Dr. Helmut Konig Prof. Dr. Sanaa Hamdy Omar
Abteilung fur Angewandte Faculty of Science
Mikrobiologie und Mykologie Department of Botany and Microbiology
Universitat Ulm Moharram Bey
Oberer Eselsberg M 23 Alexandria, Egypt
D-7900 Ulm Chapter 6
Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 7
Prof. Dr. Reinhard Kramer Dr. Maike Petersen
Institut fiir Biotechnologie Institut fiir Entwicklungs- und
Forschungszentrum GmbH Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen
P.O. Box 19 13 Heinrich-Heine-Universitat
D-5170 Julich UniversitatsstraBe 1
Federal Republic of Germany D-4000 Dusseldorf 1
Chapter 2 Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter I7
Prof. Dr. Frank Mayer Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Piepersberg
Institut fur Mikrobiologie Fachbereich 9, Mikrobiologie
Universitat Gottingen Bergische Universitat
GrisebachstraBe 8 Gesamthochschule Wuppertal
D-3400 Gottingen P.O. Box 10012 7
Federal Republic of Germany D-5600 Wuppertal 1
Chapter I Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 13
Prof. Dr. Friedhelm Meinhardt Dr. Clemens H. Posten
Institut fur Mikrobiologie Gesellschaft fur Biotechnologische
Universitat Munster Forschung mbH
CorrensstraBe 3 Mascheroder Weg 1
D-4400 Munster D-3300 Braunschweig
Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 15 Chapter 3
Prof. Dr. Jiirg Meyer Prof. Dr. Fergus G. Priest
Zahnarztliches Institut Department of Biological Sciences
Universitat Basel Heriot-Watt University
Petersplatz 14 Edinburgh EH14AS
CH-4051 Basel Scotland
Switzerland United Kingdom
Chapter I6 Chapter 11
Contributors XI11
Prof. Dr. Hans-Jiirgen Rehm Dr. M. Joost Teixeira de Mattos
Institut fur Mikrobiologie Department of Microbiology
Universitat Miinster University of Amsterdam
CorrensstraRe 3 Nieuwe Achtergracht 127
D-4400 Miinster NL-1080 WS Amsterdam
Federal Republic of Germany The Netherlands
Chapter 6 Chapter 4
Prof. Dr. Hermann Sahm Prof. Dr. David W. Tempest
Department of Molecular Biology
Institut fiir Biotechnologie
Forschungszentrum GmbH and Biotechnology
University of Sheffield
P.O. Box 19 13
D-5170 Jiilich Sheffield S10 2TN
Federal Republic of Germany United Kingdom
Chapter 5 Chapter 4
Dr. Heinrich Sandmeier Prof. Dr. Michael Teuber
Institut fiir Lebensmittelchemie
Zahnarztliches Institut
ETH-Zentrum/LFV
Universitat Basel
Universitatsgasse 2
Petersplatz 14
CH-4051 Basel CH-80% Zurich
Switzerland
Switzerland
Chapter 16 Chapter 10
Dr. Georg Sprenger
Institut fur Biotechnologie
Forschungszentrum GmbH
P.O. Box 19 13
D-5170 Julich
Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 2
