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Contents
Foreword ...............................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................ix
The Editors ..............................................................................................................xi
Introduction .........................................................................................................xiii
1. Timeliness of Data Sources ..........................................................................1
Lynne Dailey
2. Simulating and Evaluating Biosurveillance Datasets ..........................23
Thomas H. Lotze, Galit Shmueli, and Inbal Yahav
3. Remote Sensing-Based Modeling of Infectious Disease
Transmission .................................................................................................53
Richard K. Kiang, Farida Adimi, and Radina P. Soebiyanto
4. Integrating Human Capabilities into Biosurveillance Systems:
A Study of Biosurveillance and Situation Awareness ..........................79
Cheryl A. Bolstad, Haydee M. Cuevas, Jingjing Wang-Costello, Mica R.
Endsley, Walton John Page, and Taha Kass-Hout
5. The Role of Zoos in Biosurveillance ........................................................95
Julia Chosy, Janice Mladonicky, and Tracey McNamara
6. HealthMap ...................................................................................................117
Amy L. Sonricker, Clark C. Freifeld, Mikaela Keller, and John S. Brownstein
7. The Role of SMS Text Messaging to Improve Public Health
Response .......................................................................................................131
Elizabeth Avery Gomez
8. Using Prediction Markets to Forecast Infectious Diseases ...............145
Philip M. Polgreen and Forrest D. Nelson
9. The Role of Data Aggregation in Public Health and Food Safety
Surveillance .................................................................................................161
Artur Dubrawski
10. Introduction to China’s Infectious Disease Surveillance System ....181
Jin Shuigao and Ma Jiaqi
v
vi Contents
11. Biosurveillance and Public Health Practice: A Case Study of
North Carolina’s NC DETECT System ..................................................195
S. Cornelia Kaydos-Daniels, Lucia Rojas Smith, Amy I. Ising, Clifton
Barnett, Tonya Farris, Anna E. Waller, and Scott Wetterhall
12. Aberration Detection in R Illustrated by Danish Mortality
Monitoring ...................................................................................................215
Michael Höhle and Anne Mazick
13. User Requirements toward a Real-Time Biosurveillance
Program ........................................................................................................239
Nuwan Waidyanatha and Suma Prashant
14. Using Common Alerting Protocol to Support a Real-Time
Biosurveillance Program in Sri Lanka and India ................................267
Gordon A. Gow and Nuwan Waidyanatha
15. Navigating the Information Storm: Web-Based Global Health
Surveillance in BioCaster .........................................................................291
Nigel Collier, Son Doan, Reiko Matsuda Goodwin, John McCrae, Mike
Conway, Mika Shigematsu, and Ai Kawazoe
16. A Snapshot of Situation Awareness: Using the NC DETECT
System to Monitor the 2007 Heat Wave ..................................................313
David B. Rein
17. Linking Detection to Effective Response ..............................................327
Scott F. Wetterhall, Taha A. Kass-Hout, and David L. Buckeridge
Index .....................................................................................................................349
Foreword
There is no more exciting, challenging, and sometimes frustrating discipline
of public health than the management of surveillance and investigation infor-
mation in support of action to protect health and mitigate adverse events.
While having its roots in 21st-century infectious disease threats to health on
a grand scale, biosurveillance has come to encompass a broader scope of the
science and practice of managing population health-related data and infor-
mation so that effective action can be taken to mitigate adverse health effects
from urgent threats. This expansive scope is reflected in the diverse collec-
tion of reports and perspectives brought together in this text, Biosurveillance.
History provides many examples of leaps forward in the practice of moni-
toring health-related factors in populations.* The observational methods
developed by the Greeks and applied to human health by Hippocrates set the
stage for the science of epidemiology. The development of systems of health
care and codification of health events established the basic building blocks
for public health surveillance. European experiences analyzing systematic
health data, starting with mortality statistics in the 17th century, established
the roots of Western public health practice and demonstrated the value of
surveillance data. Perhaps the best-known example of this applied value was
from John Snow, the British physician who analyzed the geographic distri-
bution of cholera cases in London in 1854 and showed an association with
a specific water distribution system. The removal of the Broad Street pump
handle reduced the incidence of cholera and created the momentum for
public health surveillance and investigation to contribute directly to popu-
lation interventions that improve health. Personal computer tools like Epi
Info™ developed in the 1980s allowed another leap for public health sur-
veillance and investigation, making possible systematic collection methods,
data management, and more adaptable analyses that accelerated the cycle
from collection to application. More recent Internet technologies and meth-
ods, many described in this text, have allowed for more standardized data
collections, a wider reach for collection, distributed and layered analyses,
and timely sharing of data and findings. We have great hopes that the wide-
spread implementation of electronic health records in the United States will
lead to another leap forward for public health and the advancing practice of
biosurveillance.
The excitement, challenge, and frustrations of biosurveillance are products
of our health care systems, prompting the evolution of codification standards
for disease, injuries, and their associated risk factors; advances in information
* Thacker, S.B. Historical development. In Teutsch S.M., Churchill R.E., eds., Principles and
Practice of Public Health Surveillance. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000:253–86.
vii
viii Foreword
technology; and social perceptions of health vulnerability and the net benefit
of health information exchange. Because these factors churn inexorably, our
biosurveillance capability is incomplete and continually in flux. These ten-
sions are a reflection of the immaturity of the disciplines of biosurveillance
and knowledge management for population health. These tensions also cre-
ate a tremendous opportunity for new leaps forward in our capability to
improve awareness and decision making among all those with a role in our
health enterprise, from world and country leaders all the way to the indi-
viduals who make personal and population health-affecting decisions every
day. Robust and diverse interests are needed in the field to leverage creative
opportunities, identify and focus on the most promising approaches, and
translate them for wider application. More attention, more perspective, and
more excitement will all generate more momentum to advance the field. This
text compiled and edited by Drs. Kass-Hout and Zhang provides an impor-
tant venue for the sharing of ideas and engagement of health scientists and
practitioners that will be needed to ensure progress.
Daniel M. Sosin, MD, MPH
Acting Director, Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Acknowledgments
We express our gratitude to all contributing authors who made this book
possible and purposeful. Without their extensive offerings of their expertise,
knowledge, wisdom, practical guidance, and lessons learned, the enhance-
ment of biosurveillance research and practice would have been less realized.
The authors and editors have taken time from demanding responsibilities
to reflect on the principles and methods they have learned over many years
of research, planning, implementing, and assessing biosurveillance-related
projects and programs. Their gifts to enhancing the field of biosurveillance
are deeply appreciated.
Dr. Barbara Massoudi provided invaluable advice, early encouragement,
and support. She has shaped the concepts, insights, and useful suggestions
on the scope and focus of this text. We are grateful for her contributions.
A significant credit goes to Dorothy Chiu for her wonderful work in revis-
ing, editing, and offering her constructive ideas on all the chapters. The proj-
ect’s undertaking would not have been feasible without her technical and
communication proficiencies.
David Grubbs and Amber Donley at Chapman & Hall/CRC, Taylor and
Francis Group, have been instrumental in the shaping, production, and
refinement of several drafts of the book. They were committed to the frui-
tion of this work, and are the channel through which the message of the
book is disseminated.
We now acknowledge you, the reader, for undertaking the task of reading
this book and reaping from it lessons and insights to apply in your work for
a lifetime.
Finally, this book is dedicated to Dr. Ralph Frankowski.
Taha A. Kass-Hout, MD, MS, and Xiaohui Zhang, PhD
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