Table Of ContentBiosensors
Emerging Materials and Technologies
Series Editor
Boris I. Kharissov
MXene-Based Photocatalysts: Fabrication and Applications
Zuzeng Qin, Tongming Su, and Hongbing Ji
Advanced Electrochemical Materials in Energy Conversion and Storage
Junbo Hou
Emerging Technologies for Textile Coloration
Mohd Yusuf and Shahid Mohammad
Emerging Pollutant Treatment in Wastewater
S.K. Nataraj
Heterogeneous Catalysis in Organic Transformations
Varun Rawat, Anirban Das, Chandra Mohan Srivastava
2D Monoelemental Materials (Xenes) and Related Technologies
Beyond Graphene
Zongyu Huang, Xiang Qi, Jianxin Zhong
Atomic Force Microscopy for Energy Research
Cai Shen
Self-Healing Cementitious Materials: Technologies, Evaluation Methods,
and Applications
Ghasan Fahim Huseien, Iman Faridmehr, Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban
Thin Film Coatings: Properties, Deposition, and Applications
Fredrick Madaraka Mwema, Tien-Chien Jen, and Lin Zhu
Biosensors: Fundamentals, Emerging Technologies, and Applications
Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, and Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
Error-Tolerant Biochemical Sample Preparation with Microfuidic
Lab-on-Chip
Sudip Poddar and Bhargab B. Bhattacharya
Geopolymers as Sustainable Surface Concrete Repair Materials
Ghasan Fahim Huseien, Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam, and Mahmood Md. Tahir
For more information about this series, please visit:
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Biosensors
Fundamentals, Emerging Technologies,
and Applications
Edited by
Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, and
Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 978-1-032-03865-0 (hbk)
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ISBN: 978-1-003-18943-5 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003189435
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Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
Editor Biographies.................................................................................................... ix
PART I Introduction to Biosensors
Chapter 1 Overview of Biosensors: Defnition, Principles,
and Instrumentation.............................................................................. 3
PART II Transducers for Biosensors
Chapter 2 Electrochemical Transducers for Biosensors ..................................... 27
Chapter 3 Optical Based Transducers for Biosensors......................................... 57
Chapter 4 Mass-Sensitive Based Biosensors ...................................................... 89
PART III Biorecognition Elements Used
in Biosensors
Chapter 5 Biorecognition Elements in Biosensors ........................................... 107
Chapter 6 Imprinted Polymers in Biosensors ................................................... 123
PART IV Applications of Biosensors
Chapter 7 Unprecedented Innovations in Electrochemical Biosensing
Approaches for Medical Applications.............................................. 137
Chapter 8 New Trends in Biosensors for Food and Water Safety Monitoring........187
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vi Contents
Chapter 9 Recent Progress on Biosensors Developed for Detecting
Environmental Pollutants ................................................................. 213
Chapter 10 Lateral Flow Assays......................................................................... 233
Chapter 11 Microfuidic Based Biosensors and Applications............................. 261
Chapter 12 Aptamer Based Sensing Approaches Towards Food and
Biomedical Applications .................................................................. 289
Chapter 13 Validation Requirements in Biosensors............................................ 313
PART V Challenges and Future Prospects
Chapter 14 Nanomaterials-Based Wearable Biosensors for
Healthcare......................................................................................... 345
Index ...................................................................................................................... 381
Preface
The story was started in 1956 by the invention of a glucose biosensor based on
the electrochemical detection of oxygen, in which the critical role was attributed
to Clark’s oxygen electrode. Interestingly, before this invention, when Prof. Leland
Clark tried to publish the results of his frst bubble oxygenator, his manuscript was
rejected by the journal's editor because it could not measure oxygen tension rising
from the oxygenator. However, that did not stop him, motivating him to expose the
oxygen electrode. Since his invention, the Clark electrode has been used in countless
biosensing systems to detect numerous analytes associated with clinical, food, envi-
ronmental, and other settings. Historically Clark’s oxygen electrode was the mile-
stone in developing novel biosensing concepts used for all scientifc felds. Over the
years, the fundamental sciences have improved the modern technological devices
that have accelerated the developments of basic sciences. As a result of this progres-
sion, since the introduction of the frst generation of glucose biosensors by Clark,
new transduction systems and novel bioreceptors such as antibodies, whole cells,
nucleic acids, aptamers, etc. have been introduced and have been manipulated for the
detection of many different kinds of targets. However, portable, affordable, user-
friendly, and integrated biosensing systems have been adequately used in people’s
services despite all these manipulations. Furthermore, there is an increasing need to
integrate miniaturized electronics and biological/synthetic/engineered bioreceptors
in a chip smaller than a pinhead.
The need for such portable diagnostic tools is vitally important for developing
countries that do not possess modern laboratory facilities. Apart from these, per-
sonalization in medicine also requires rapid and portable biosensing concepts to be
progressed by keeping up with technological progress. There is no doubt that nano-
materials have introduced new opportunities to develop biosensors that enable detec-
tion of trace amounts of target analytes economically, rapidly, and with only a small
required sample volume. So, nanomaterials play a key role in any developmental
processes that involve biosensors, biochips, and high throughput arrays. Moreover,
the revolutionary advances in microfabrication technologies have allowed the devel-
opment of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and micro total analysis systems (µTAS), which are
miniaturized and integrated biosensors in microfuidic-based chips. The integration
of biosensors with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanomaterials has
resulted in numerous miniaturized biosensing systems that could be performed to
detect any targets coming from clinical, food industry, environmental, and other
felds. Although there have been enormous advances in this feld, there is still a need
for convenient and affordable biosensing systems. This situation can be turned into
an opportunity to make actual scientifc progress.
This book aims to highlight the state-of-the-art feld of biosensors with all aspects
of the technology including nanomaterials applications, miniaturized and integrated
systems, novel bioreceptors and immobilization strategies, and beyond. The prom-
inent importance of the book is that it appeals to the general reader, from graduate/
vii
viii Preface
postgraduate students to researchers and scientists in the feld. In light of this state-
ment, the topics in this book include:
Part I: Introduction to Biosensors
Part II: Transducers for Biosensors
Part III: Biorecognition Elements Used in Biosensors
Part IV: Applications of Biosensors
Part V: Challenges and Future Prospects
This book could not have fnished successfully with many people’s support. They
have given their breadth of experiences to these book chapters step by step during
the diffcult COVID-19 pandemic duration. All book chapters are written by eminent
scientists who are universally recognized in different branches of the biosensor feld.
Consequently, it should be mentioned that we appreciate all authors who made this
book project possible by dedicating themselves to perfecting these chapters. We hope
this book will be helpful to all people concerned.
We would like to thank our families for their unwavering support and love. In
addition, we would like to express our gratitude to Gabrielle Vernachio, our project
manager, and CRC Press Publishers, our publisher, for their assistance in publishing
this book. Finally, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to leading authors
who accepted our invitation to join us and dedicated their valuable time and efforts
to guarantee the success of this book.
Sibel A. OZKAN
Bengi USLU
Mustafa Kemal SEZGINTÜRK
Editor Biographies
SIBEL A. OZKAN is currently working as Full
Professor of Analytical Chemistry at Ankara
University, Faculty of Pharmacy, where she has
been active since 1986.
She is an active member of the European
Chemical Society-DAC member on behalf of the
Turkish Chemical Society. She is a member of the
European Pharmacopoeia-EDQM-Chromatography
Section. She is also a member of PortASAP:
European Network for the Promotion of Portable,
Affordable, and Simple Analytical Platform: Core
Group of Cost Action CA 16215, Working Group 4.
She has been involved in several ana-
lytical chemistry projects related to Liquid
Chromatography (LC) methods, separation techniques, chiral separation, drug
analysis in dosage forms and biological samples, electrochemical biosensors, nano-
sensors, DNA biosensors, enzyme biosensors, biomarkers, environmental sensors,
method development, and validation of drug assay.
She has published more than 360 original and review papers (indexed in ISI-
WoS), and she is the editor of nine scientifc books and about 50 book chapters.
She has more than 8,000 citations of research papers with an h-index of 43. She has
several international and national projects and awards.
She is the editor of the Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (SCI)
and Regional Editor (Europe) of Current Pharmaceutical Analysis (SCI). She is also
an editorial board member of Talanta (SCI), Chromatographia (SCI), Biosensor &
Bioelectronics X, and other important journals.
BENGI USLU is currently a full professor in Ankara
University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of
Analytical Chemistry, in Turkey. Her areas of inter-
est are electrochemistry, biosensors, nanosensors,
biotechnology, separation techniques, liquid chro-
matography, drug analysis, bioanalytical method
development, redox mecha nisms of drugs, spectro-
photometry, and analytical method validation. Her
postdoctoral research, sponsored by The Scientifc
and Technological Research Council of Turkey, was
conducted with Prof. Emil Palecek at the Institute
of Biophysics, Lab of Biophysical Chemistry and
Molecular Oncology in the Czech Republic. She
has authored or co-authored more than 180 peer-reviewed full papers and more than
200 oral or poster presentations in scientifc conferences. She has more than 30 book
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