Biosensing Using Nanomaterials - A. Merkoci (Wiley, 2009) WW

505 Pages·2009·61.96 MB·English

BIOSENSING USING
NANOMATERIALS

WILEY SERIES IN NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

Arben Merkoçi,Series Editor

BIOSENSING USING NANOMATERIALS / Arben Merkoçi,Editor

nanoscience-cp.qxd 1/28/2009 12:37 PM Page 1

BIOSENSING USING
NANOMATERIALS

Edited by

Arben Merkoc¸i

Copyright # 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataioging-in-Publication Data:

Merkoc¸i, A. (Arben)
Biosensing using nanomaterials / Arben Merkoc¸i.
p. cm. - - (Wiley series in nanoscience and nanotechnology)
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-18309-0 (cloth)
1.
Biosensors. 2.
Nanostructured materials. I.
Title.
R857.B54M47 2009
610.28’4- -dc22
2009005618

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS
xi

SERIES PREFACE
xv

PREFACE
xvii

PART I
CARBON NANOTUBES
1

1. Carbon Nanotube–Based Sensors and Biosensors
3
Richard G. Compton, Gregory G. Wildgoose, and Elicia L. S. Wong

1.1. Introduction to the Structure of Carbon Nanotubes
3
1.2. Electroanalysis Using CNT-Modified Electrodes
7
1.3. Advantageous Application of CNTs in Sensors: pH Sensing
13
1.4. Carbon Nanotube–Based Biosensors
18
1.5. Using CNTs in Biosensor Production for Medical Diagnostics
and Environmental Applications
25
References
30

2. Isotropic Display of Biomolecules on CNT-Arrayed Nanostructures
39
Mark R. Contarino, Gary Withey, and Irwin Chaiken

2.1. Introduction: CNT Arrays for Biosensing
40
2.2. Functionalization of CNTs: Controlling Display Through
Covalent Attachment
41
2.3. Self-Assembling Interfaces: Anchor-Probe Approach
49
2.4. Molecular Wiring of Redox Enzymes
53
2.5. Multiplexing Biomolecules on Nanoscale CNT Arrays
54
2.6. Conclusions
59
References
60

3. Interaction of DNA with CNTs: Properties and Prospects
for Electronic Sequencing
67
Sheng Meng and Efthimios Kaxiras

3.1. Introduction
68
3.2. Structural Properties of Combined DNA–CNT Systems
70
3.3. Electronic Structure
79

v

3.4. Optical Properties
85
3.5. Biosensing and Sequencing of DNA Using CNTs
88
3.6. Summary
92
References
93

PART II
NANOPARTICLES
97

4. Improved Electrochemistry of Biomolecules
Using Nanomaterials
99
Jianxiu Wang, Andrew J. Wain, Xu Zhu, and Feimeng Zhou

4.1. Introduction
100
4.2. CNT-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
100
4.3. Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
110
4.4. Quantum Dot–Based Electrochemical Biosensors
122
4.5. Conclusions and Outlook
123
References
125

5. The Metal Nanoparticle Plasmon Band as a Powerful Tool
for Chemo- and Biosensing
137
Audrey Moores and Pascal Le Floch

5.1. Introduction
138
5.2. The SPB: An Optical Property of Metal NPs
143
5.3. Plasmon Band Variation Upon Aggregation of Nanoparticles
154
5.4. Plasmon Band Variation on the Environment or Ligand Alteration 164
5.5. Metal Nanoparticles as Labels
167
5.6. Conclusions
169
References
170

6. Gold Nanoparticles: A Versatile Label for Affinity
Electrochemical Biosensors
177
Adriano Ambrosi, Alfredo de la Escosura-Mun˜iz, Maria Teresa Castan˜eda,
and Arben Merkoc¸i

6.1. Introduction
178
6.2. Synthesis of AuNPs
179
6.3. Characterization of AuNPs
179
6.4. AuNPs as Detecting Labels for Affinity Biosensors
181
6.5. Conclusions
191
References
192

7. Quantum Dots for the Development of Optical Biosensors
Based on Fluorescence
199
W. Russ Algar and Ulrich J. Krull

7.1. Introduction
200

vi
CONTENTS

7.2. Quantum Dots
205
7.3. Basic Photophysics and Quantum Confinement
207
7.4. Quantum Dot Surface Chemistry and Bioconjugation
212
7.5. Bioanalytical Applications of Quantum Dots as Fluorescent
Labels
225
7.6. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer and Quantum
Dot Biosensing
232
7.7. Summary
238
References
239

8. Nanoparticle-Based Delivery and Biosensing Systems: An Example
247
Almudena Mun˜oz Javier, Pablo del Pino, Stefan Kudera, and Wolfgang J. Parak

8.1. Introduction
247
8.2. Functional Colloidal Nanoparticles
250
8.3. Polyelectrolyte Capsules as a Functional Carrier System
256
8.4. Uptake of Capsules by Cells
259
8.5. Delivery and Sensing with Polyelectrolyte Capsules
262
8.6. Conclusions
270
References
270

9. Luminescent Quantum Dot FRET-Based Probes in Cellular
and Biological Assays
275
Lifang Shi, Nitsa Rosenzweig, and Zeev Rosenzweig

9.1. Introduction
275
9.2. Luminescent Quantum Dots
276
9.3. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
278
9.4. Quantum Dot FRET-Based Protease Probes
280
9.5. Summary and Conclusions
283
References
284

10. Quantum Dot–Polymer Bead Composites for Biological
Sensing Applications
291
Jonathan M. Behrendt and Andrew J. Sutherland

10.1. Introduction
291
10.2. Quantum Dot–Composite Construction
293
10.3. Applications of QD Composites
307
10.4. Future Directions
325
References
327

11. Quantum Dot Applications in Biomolecule Assays
333
Ying Xu, Pingang He, and Yuzhi Fang

11.1. Introduction to QDs and Their Applications
333
11.2. Preparation of QDs for Conjugation with Biomolecules
and Cells
337

CONTENTS
vii

11.3. Special Optoelectronic Properties in the Bioemployment
of QDs
340
11.4. Employment of QDs as Biosensing Indicators
344
References
349

12. Nanoparticles and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectroscopy–Based Biosensing
355
Arben Merkoc¸i, Roza Allabashi, and Alfredo de la Escosura-Mun˜iz

12.1. ICP-MS and Application Possibilities
355
12.2. Detection of Metal Ions
360
12.3. Detection of Nanoparticles
361
12.4. Analysis of Metal-Containing Biomolecules
363
12.5. Bioanalysis Based on Labeling with Metal Nanoparticles
364
12.6. Conclusions
372
References
373

PART III
NANOSTRUCTURED SURFACES
377

13. Integration Between Template-Based Nanostructured
Surfaces and Biosensors
379
Walter Vastarella, Jan Maly, Mihaela Ilie, and Roberto Pilloton

13.1. Introduction
380
13.2. Nanosphere Lithography
380
13.3. Nanoelectrodes Ensemble for Biosensing Devices
390
13.4. Concluding Remarks
406
References
407

14. Nanostructured Affinity Surfaces for MALDI-TOF-MS–Based
Protein Profiling and Biomarker Discovery
421
R. M. Vallant, M. Rainer, M. Najam-Ul-Haq, R. Bakry, C. Petter, N. Heigl,
G. K. Bonn, and C. W. Huck

14.1. Proteomics and Biomarkers
421
14.2. MALDI in Theory and Practice
422
14.3. Carbon Nanomaterials
429
14.4. Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy
of Carbon Nanomaterials
448
References
451

PART IV
NANOPORES
457

15. Biosensing with Nanopores
459
Ivan Vlassiouk and Sergei Smirnov

15.1. Nanoporous Materials in Sensing
459

viii
CONTENTS

15.2. Nanochannel and Nanopore Fabrication
460
15.3. Surface Modification Chemistry
469
15.4. Nonelectrical Nanoporous Biosensors
472
15.5. Electrical Nanoporous Biosensors
474
15.6. Summary
486
References
486

INDEX
491

CONTENTS
ix