Biosecurity: Understanding, Assessing, and Preventing the Threat

309 Pages·8.811 MB·English

by  Ryan Burnette(eds.)

Biosecurity
Biosecurity
Understanding, Assessing,
and Preventing the Threat
Edited by
RYAN BURNETTE
W I L EY
Cover design: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cover image: © Joseph Akers/courtesy of the author
Copyright © 2013 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Biosecurity : understanding, assessing, and preventing the threat / edited by Ryan Burdette.
pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-61417-4 (hardback)
1. Biosecurity. 2. Bioterrorism—Prevention. 3. Biological weapons—Safety measures. I.
Burnette, Ryan, 1977- author, editor of compilation.
JZ5865.B56B58 2013
363.325'3—dc23 2013016290
Printed in the United States of America.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
Contents
Preface xi
Author Affiliation xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
About the Author xxi
PART i An Introduction to Biosecurity 1
CHAPTER 1 Defining Biosecurity and Related Concepts 3
Ryan N. Burnette, Jenna E. Hess, Joseph P. Kozlovac, and
Jonathan Y. Richmond
What is Biosecurity? 3
Related Concepts 4
Risk Management and Prioritization in Biosecurity 12
Basic Components of Biosecurity 13
Conclusion 14
CHAPTER 2 Biosecurity as a Function of Biosafety
Microbiological Laboratories 17
Jonathan Y. Richmond, Ryan N. Burnette, and Gigi Kwik Gronvall
Introduction 17
Evolving Steps towards Biosecurity 18
Biosecurity is Embedded in Biosafety Programs 20
Control Access to High-Consequence
Pathogens and Toxins 22
Accountability 22
Occupational Health Programs 23
Contents
Biosafety Culture 23
Conclusion 24
CHAPTER 3 A Perspective of Biosecurity: Past to Present 27
Robert J. Hawley and Joseph P. Kozlovac
Introduction 27
Biological Warfare 28
Bioterrorism 30
Biocrime 34
Bioaccidents 37
Conclusion 41
PART M ELEMENTS OF BIOSECURITY 49
CHAPTER 4 Physical Elements of Biosecurity 51
Jeff Slayton, Daniel N. Apple, and Benjamin A. Perman
Introduction 51
Protecting and Securing Biological Materials 51
Breaking Down the Program:
The Six Security Capabilities 58
Architecture, Engineering and
Work Practice Considerations 63
Operations and Sustainment 67
Conclusion 70
CHAPTER 5 Operational Elements of Biosecurity 71
J. Craig Reed and Debra C. Sharpe
Introduction 71
The Biosecurity Process 72
Biosecurity Challenges Associated
with Different Institutions 82
New Regulatory Requirements 84
Conclusion 87
:HAPTER 6 Basic Principles of Threat Assessment 89
Benjamin A. Perman, Lindsay T. Odell, Jason Griffeth,
and Daniel N. Apple
Introduction 89
A Comprehensive Approach to Biosecurity 89
Safety versus Security: Risk vesus Threat 90
VII
The Purposes and Requirements of Basic
Suitability and Threat Assessment Programs 102
Conclusion 108
PART III BIOSECURITY IN VARIOUS SECTORS Ill
CHAPTER 7 Biosecurity in Research Laboratories 113
Kavita M. Berger
Introduction 113
Laboratory Biosecurity 114
The Select Agent Program 115
Conclusion 122
CHAPTER 8 Biosecurity in the Food and
Agricultural Industries 129
Henry S. Parker
Introduction 129
The U.S. Food and Agriculture Infrastructure 129
Food Defense 132
Food Defense: Protecting U.S. Food and
Agriculture from Intentional Disruption 145
Conclusion 150
CHAPTER 9 Biosecurity in Mass Transportation Networks 155
Brian K. George
Introduction 155
Mass Transit Systems and Vulnerabilities 155
Federal, State, and Local
Biosecurity Activities and Planning 157
Conclusion 164
CHAPTER 10 Utilizing Biosecurity Principles to
Combat Naturally Occurring Epidemics 167
J. Craig Reed, Robert A. Heckert, Patricia Delarosa, and
Vera Ettenger
Introduction 167
Separating Deliberate Outbreaks
from Naturally Occurring Epidemics 168
The Need for Biosafety and Biosecurity in the
Response to a Naturally Occurring Outbreak 169
VIII Contents
Assessing Biosafety and Biosecurity Risks
in Public Health: The Science of Biosecurity 172
Increasing Security Functions through the Application
of Biosecurity to Public Health 174
Challenges Associated with the International
Coordination of Outbreak Response 175
Biosecurity Impediments to
International Health Programs 178
Conclusion 180
PART IV BIOSECURITY POLICY, BIOTERRORISM,
AND THE FUTURE 185
CHAPTER 11 Current Efforts to Fortify
Biosecurity Policy in the U.S 187
Gigi Kwik Gronvall
Introduction 187
Emerging Policies Limiting Access to Pathogens
and Enhancing Laboratory Security 188
Policies that Focus on Dual-Use
Research of Concern 191
Evolving Oversight of Synthetic Biology 192
Conclusion 194
CHAPTER 12 The Link between Biosecurity and Bioterrorism 197
Daniel N. Apple and Benjamin A. Perman
Introduction 197
Bioterrorism Attack Cycle 197
The Bioterrorism-Biosecurity Nexus 202
The Biological Criminal Continuum 204
Conclusion 206
CHAPTER 13 The Importance of Engagement and
Education for Effective Biosecurity 209
James Revill and Catherine Jefferson
Introduction 209
Overview of Engagement and Education 209
Other Intervention Points and Actors 213
Challenges Moving Forward 215
Contents ix
Why Bother with Biosecurity-Related
Education and Engagement? 216
Moving Biosecurity Engagement
and Education Forward 218
Conclusion 221
CHAPTER 14 Monitoring and Evaluating
Laboratory Biosafety Programs 225
Heather N. Meeks, Betiel H. Haile, Ngozi Erondu, Lisa Ferland,
Meeyoung Park, Affan Shaikh, and Scott J.N. McNabb
Introduction 225
Need for a Laboratory Biosafety Program Framework 227
Major Concepts and Definitions 230
Conceptual Framework 239
Laboratory Biosafety Indicators 241
Anticipated Benefits of the Indicator Database 242
Analytic Processes to Refine Indicators 242
Limitations 254
Conclusion 254
CHAPTER 15 The Future of Biosecurity: A Global Context 259
Ryan N. Burnette, J. Craig Reed, and Patricia Delarosa
Introduction 259
Biosecurity Summarized 259
A One World/One Health Model for Biosecurity 262
Future of Biosecurity 266
Conclusion 267
APPENDIX 1 U.S. Food Defense since 9/11:
Public Sector Initiatives and Programs 271
Henry S. Parker
APPENDIX 2 Timeline of Selected Events in Biosecurity Policy 289
Gigi Kwik Gronvall
Index 299
Preface
The term "biosecurity" remained largely obscure to the public until the events
of September 11, 2001, followed by the anthrax letters in the same year.
Biosecurity, and the concepts it embodies, however, date back well before
those fateful events. Yet those events initiated a wave of awareness and con­
cern in the minds of the public and our legislators. Changes took place more
rapidly than they ever had before: a new cabinet-level office, the Department
of Homeland Security, was formed. Funding of biodefense programs grew ex­
ponentially. Stockpiles of vaccines were created. The hunt for novel vaccines
and therapeutics against exotic pathogens increased rapidly. In short, the U.S.
and much of the world began to prepare for similar events that were believed to
be imminent. Despite this surge in activity and awareness, biosecurity remains
poorly understood.
As this book will explore, biosecurity is a complex matrix of terminology, con­
cepts, ideals, practices, and policy. Further complicating the concept of bios­
ecurity is the vast number of related terms: bioterrorism, biodefense, bioweap-
ons, and the like are arguably more common in the modern vernacular than the
word "biosecurity." In response, this book begins by disassembling the tenets
of biosecurity, breaking it down into its fundamental pieces. Physical and oper­
ational biosecurity will be described and the concepts of assessing threats fully
detailed. We will explore how biosecurity impacts and is impacted by a variety
of industries distinct from the traditional research laboratory. Many of these
industries, such as agriculture, mass transit, and public and global health,
will receive new attention under the lens of biosecurity. This book will also
take a detailed look at current biosecurity policy and where new policy is likely
to develop. Potentially for the first time, this book discusses the importance
XII Preface
of education and advocacy for biosecurity in frank terms, which may assist
researchers in the integration of biosecurity into the educational process. This
book also presents a novel tool developed to quantify the effectiveness of labo­
ratory biosafety and biosecurity programs.
The intent of this book is to provide clarity to the term "biosecurity" and dem­
onstrate its relevance to areas that have historically been given little consider­
ation. Finally, this book challenges the reader to look forward, armed with new
information about biosecurity, to how biosecurity as an ideal needs to develop
and progress. This is not an easy task, but, as this book demonstrates, it is a
necessary task.
It is my sincere hope that this book will do two things: provide the reader with
a foundation for everything that biosecurity is and is not and compel the reader
to think about the importance of biosecurity as it relates to our collective se­
curity, safety, and health.
Ryan N. Burnette, Ph.D.
December 21, 2012