Table Of ContentNeuroscience
Second Edition
ii
Section K – Lipid metabolism
BIOS INSTANT NOTES
Series Editor: B.D. Hames, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Biology
Animal Biology, Second Edition
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Immunology, Second Edition
Mathematics & Statistics for Life Scientists
Medical Microbiology
Microbiology, Second Edition
Molecular Biology, Third Edition
Neuroscience, Second Edition
Plant Biology, Second Edition
Sport & Exercise Biomechanics
Sport & Exercise Physiology
Chemistry
Consulting Editor: Howard Stanbury
Analytical Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry, Second Edition
Medicinal Chemistry
Organic Chemistry, Second Edition
Physical Chemistry
Psychology
Sub-series Editor: Hugh Wagner, Dept of Psychology, University of Central
Lancashire, Preston, UK
Cognitive Psychology
Physiological Psychology
Psychology
Sport & Exercise Psychology
Neuroscience
Second Edition
Alan Longstaff
Science writer and neuroscience lecturer
Published by:
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group
First published 2000; Second edition published 2005
ISBN: 0-4153-5188-X (Print Edition)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted
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author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the
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A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Longstaff, Alan.
Neuroscience / A. Longstaff. –– 2nd ed.
p. cm. – – (Instant notes)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1.
Neurosciences – – Outlines, syllabi, etc. I. Title. II. Series: Instant notes
series
RC343.6.L66 2005
616. 8 – – dc22
2005005818
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Elizabeth Owen
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Abbreviations
viii
Preface
xi
Section A – Organization of the nervous system
1
A1
Neuron structure
1
A2
Neuron diversity
3
A3
Glial cells and myelination
6
A4
Organization of the peripheral nervous system
9
A5
Organization of the central nervous system
15
A6
Brain imaging
22
A7
Meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
26
A8
Blood–brain barrier
30
Section B – Neuron excitation
33
B1
Resting potentials
33
B2
Action potentials
37
B3
Voltage-dependent ion channels
40
B4
Channel molecular biology
44
B5
Action potential conduction
48
Section C – Synapses
51
C1
Morphology of chemical synapses
51
C2
Overview of synaptic function
54
C3
Postsynaptic events
57
C4
Neural integration
62
C5
Neurotransmitter release
64
C6
Calcium channels
70
C7
Neurotransmitter inactivation
72
Section D – Neurotransmitters
75
D1
Ionotropic receptors
75
D2
Metabotropic receptors
79
D3
Amino acid transmitters
85
D4
Dopamine
88
D5
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
92
D6
Serotonin
96
D7
Acetylcholine
99
D8
Purines and peptides
102
Section E – Neural coding
105
E1
Information representation by neurons
105
E2
Frequency coding
107
E3
Location coding
109
E4
Modality
112
E5
Elementary neural circuits
115
CONTENTS
Section F – Somatosensory systems
119
F1
Sensory receptors
119
F2
Touch
125
F3
Pain
129
F4
Pain modulation
136
F5
Balance
142
Section G – Vision
149
G1
Attributes of vision
149
G2
Eye and visual pathways
153
G3
Retina
159
G4
Phototransduction
164
G5
Retinal processing
168
G6
Early visual processing
174
G7
Parallel processing in the visual system
179
G8
Oculomotor control
184
Section H – Hearing
191
H1
Acoustics and audition
191
H2
Anatomy and physiology of the ear
193
H3
Peripheral auditory processing
198
H4
Central auditory processing
200
Section I – Smell and taste
207
I1
Olfactory receptor neurons
207
I2
Olfactory pathways
209
I3
Taste
212
I4
Taste pathways
215
Section J – Motor function: spinal cord and brainstem
217
J1
Nerve–muscle synapse
217
J2
Motor units and motor pools
220
J3
Elementary motor reflexes
225
J4
Spinal motor function
232
J5
Brainstem postural reflexes
238
Section K – Movement: cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia
243
K1
Cortical control of voluntary movement
243
K2
Motor lesions
250
K3
Anatomy of the cerebellum
254
K4
Subdivisions of the cerebellum
259
K5
Cerebellar cortical circuitry
264
K6
Cerebellar function
268
K7
Anatomy of the basal ganglia
272
K8
Basal ganglia function
277
Section L – Neuroendocrinology and autonomic functions
281
L1
Anatomy and connections of the hypothalamus
281
L2
Posterior pituitary function
286
L3
Neuroendocrine control of metabolism and growth
291
L4
Neuroendocrine control of reproduction
299
vi
Contents
L5
Autonomic nervous system function
305
L6
Control of autonomic function
311
Section M – Brain and behavior
317
M1
Emotion
317
M2
Motivation and addiction
323
M3
Control of feeding
328
M4
Brain biological clocks
334
M5
Sleep
338
Section N – Developmental neurobiology
347
N1
Early patterning of the nervous system
347
N2
Cell determination
354
N3
Cortical development
361
N4
Axon pathfinding
365
N5
Synaptogenesis and developmental plasticity
371
N6
Neurotrophic factors
376
N7
Brain sexual differentiation
382
Section O – Memory and cognition
387
O1
Types of learning
387
O2
Physiological psychology of memory
392
O3
Cell physiology of learning
402
O4
Arousal and attention
411
O5
Language
415
Section P – Brain disorders
421
P1
Schizophrenia
421
P2
Depression
428
P3
Strokes and excitotoxicity
432
P4
Epilepsy
436
P5
Parkinson’s disease
441
P6
Alzheimer’s disease
446
Further reading
453
Index
459
Contents
vii
ACh
acetylcholine
AChE
acetylcholinesterase
ACTH
adrenocorticotrophic hormone
AD
Alzheimer’s disease
AII
angiotensin II
AGRP
agouti-related peptide
AMPA
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-
isoxazole proprionic acid
ANS
autonomic nervous system
AP
action potential
apoE
apolipoprotein E
APP
amyloid precursor protein
APV
D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
ATN
anterior thalamic nuclei
ATP
adenosine 5’-triphosphate
AVP
arginine vasopressin
βA
β-amyloid
βAR
β adrenoceptors
BAT
brown adipose tissue
BDNF
brain derived neurotrophic factor
bFGF
basic fibroblast growth factor
bl
basal lamina
BMP
bone morphogenetic protein
BOLD
blood oxygen level detection
α-BTX
α-bungarotoxin
CA
cornu ammonis
CaM
calmodulin
CAM
cell adhesion molecule
CaMKII
calcium–calmodulin-dependent
protein kinase II
cAMP
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CART
cocaine- and amphetamine-related
transcript
CAT
computer assisted tomography
cbf
cerebral blood flow
CC
cingulate cortex
CCK
cholecystokinin
CF
characteristic frequency
cGMP
3’,5’-cyclic guanosine
monophosphate
ChAT
choline acetylesterase
CL
central laminar nucleus (of
thalamus)
CNG
cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel
CNS
central nervous system
CNTF
ciliary neurotrophic factor
CoA
coenzyme A
CP
cortical plate
CPG
central pattern generators
CR
conditioned response
CRE
cAMP response element
CREB
cAMP response element binding
protein
CREM
cAMP response element
modulator
CRH
corticotrophin releasing hormone
CRO
cathode ray oscilloscope
CS
conditioned stimulus
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
CVLM
caudal ventrolateral medulla
CVO
circumventricular organ
DAG
diacylglycerol
DAT
dopamine transporter
DB
diagonal band (of Broca)
DβH
dopamine-β-hydroxylase
DBL
dorsal blastopore lip
DCML
dorsal column–medial lemniscal
system
DCN
dorsal column nuclei
2-DG
2-deoxyglucose
DHC
dorsal horn cell
DI
diabetes insipidus
DLPN
dorsolateral pontine nucleus
DOPAC
dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid
DOPEG
3,4-dihydroxy phenylglycol
DRG
dorsal root ganglion
DYN
dynorphin
ECT
electroconvulsive therapy
EEG
electroencephalography
EGF
epidermal growth factor
EGL
external granular layer
EMG
electromyography
ENK
enkephalin
ENS
enteric nervous system
epp
endplate potential
epsp
excitatory postsynaptic potential
ER
endoplasmic reticulum
ERP
event-related potential
F-actin
filamentous actin
FEF
frontal eye field
FF
fast fatiguing
FGF-8
fibroblast growth factor-8
FM
frequency modulation
ABBREVIATIONS
fMRI
functional magnetic resonance
imaging
FR
fatigue resistant
FRA
flexor reflex afferents
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
Gi
inhibitory G protein
Gq
G protein coupled to
phospholipase
Gs
stimulatory G protein
GABA
γ-aminobutyrate
GAD
glutamic acid decarboxylase
GAT
GABA transporter
GC
guanylyl cyclase
GDNF
glial-derived neurotrophic factor
GDP
guanosine 5’-diphosphate
GFAP
glial fibrillary acidic protein
GH
growth hormone
GHRH
growth hormone releasing
hormone
GnRH
gonadotrophin releasing hormone
GPe
globus pallidus pars externa
GPi
globus pallidus pars interna
GR
glucocorticoid receptor
GTO
Golgi tendon organs
GTP
guanosine 5’-triphosphate
5-HIAA
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
HPA
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
(axis)
HPG
hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal
(axis)
HPT
hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid
(axis)
HRP
horseradish peroxidase
5-HT
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
5-HTP
5-hydroxytryptophan
HVA
high voltage activated
IaIN
Ia inhibitory interneurons
IbIN
Ib inhibitory neurons
IC
inferior colliculus
ICSS
intracranial self-stimulation
Ig
immunoglobulin
IGF-1
insulin-like growth factor 1
IGL
internal granular layer
iGluR
ionotropic glutamate receptor
ILD
interaural level differences
IP3
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
ipsp
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
IT
inferotemporal cortex
JGA
juxtoglomerular apparatus
L-DOPA
L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
LC
locus ceruleus
LCN
lateral cervical nucleus
LDCV
large dense-core vesicle
LGN
lateral geniculate nucleus
LH
luteinizing hormone
LSO
lateral superior olivary nucleus
LTD
long-term depression
LTM
long-term memory
LTN
lateral tegmental nucleus
LTP
long-term potentiation
LVA
low voltage activated
M
magnocellular pathway
M/T
mitral/tufted cells
mAChR
muscarinic cholinergic receptor
MAO
monoamine oxidase
MAP
mean arterial (blood) pressure
MB
mammillary bodies
mepp
miniature endplate potential
MFB
medial forebrain bundle
MFS
mossy fiber sprouting
mGluR1
type 1 metabotropic glutamate
receptor
MGN
medial geniculate nucleus
MI
primary motor cortex
MII
secondary motor cortex
MLCK
myosin light chain kinase
MLR
mesencephalic locomotor region
MOPEG
3-methoxy,4-hydroxy
phenylglycol
MPOA
medial preoptic area
MPP+
1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium
mpsp
miniature postsynaptic potential
MPTP
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-
tetrahydropyridin
MR
mineralocorticoid receptor
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MSO
medial superior olivary complex
MST
medial superior temporal cortex
NA
noradrenaline
nAc
nucleus accumbens
nAChR
nicotinic cholinergic receptor
NBM
nucleus basalis of Meynert
NGF
nerve growth factor
NMDA
N-methyl-D-aspartate
NMDAR
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
nmj
neuromuscular junction
NMR
nuclear magnetic resonance
NPY
neuropeptide Y
NREM
nonrapid eye movement sleep
NRM
nucleus raphe magnus
NST
nucleus of the solitary tract
NT3-6
neurotrophins 3-6
Abbreviations
ix
