BIOS Instant Notes in Human Physiology

473 Pages·2006·21.095 MB·\473

by  Daniel McLaughlin (Author), Jonathan Stamford (Author), David White (Author)

Instant 'Notes
Human Physiology
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Instant Notes
Human Physiology
Daniel P McLaughlin
Associate Professor in Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Jonathan A Stamford
Associate Lecturer in Biological Psychology, The Open University
(South East), East Grinstead, UK
David A White
Associate Professor and Reader in Medical Biochemistry, School of
Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
With a contribution by Terence Bennett, Professor of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences,
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Croup
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group
First published 2007
ISBN-10: 0-4153-5546-X
ISBN-13: 978-0-4153-5546-9
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
McLaughlin, Daniel P.
Instant notes in human physiology / Daniel P. McLaughlin, Jonathan
A. Stamford, David A. White ; with a contribution by Terence Bennett.
p. ; cm. — (BIOS instant notes)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-115-35546-9 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-415-35546-X (alk. paper)
1. Human physiology. 2. Human physiology -- Handbooks, manuals,
etc. I. Stamford, J. A. II. White, David A., Ph. D. III. Title.
IV. Title: Human physiology. V. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Physiological Processes. 2. Physiology. QT 104 M4785i
20071
QP34.5.I574 2007
612 — dc22 2006025140
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CONTENTS
Abbreviations viii
Preface xi
Section A - Physiological concepts 1
A1 Introduction to physiology 1
A2 Homeostasis and integration of body systems 3
Section B - The cell 7
B1 Cell organelles 7
B2 Gene transcription and protein translation 11
B3 Metabolic processes 14
B4 Membrane potential 27
B5 Phenotypic diversity of cells 31
Section C - Tissues of the body 35
C1 Basic structure of the body 35
C2 Epithelia and connective tissue 39
C3 Skin, hair, and nails 44
C4 Neurons and glia I 47
C5 Bone and muscle 51
C6 Blood and immunity 59
Section D - The heart and circulatory system 65
D1 Overview of the heart and great vessels 65
D2 Structure of cardiac muscle 71
D3 Nutritional requirements of cardiac muscle 75
D4 Electrical activity of the heart - the ECG 78
D5 Layout and function of the vasculature and lymphatics 86
D6 The cardiac cycle, blood pressure, and its maintenance 92
D7 Investigating cardiovascular function 101
D8 Cardiovascular response to exercise 107
Section E - The lungs and respiration 115
E1 Layout and structure of the respiratory tract 115
E2 The mechanics of breathing 123
E3 Investigating lung function 127
E4 Alveolar exchange and gas transport 132
E5 Utilization of O and production of CO in tissues 138
2 2
E6 Chemoreceptors and respiratory acid-base balance 143
E7 Respiration in exercise 148
Section F - Neurophysiology 153
F1 Neurons and glia II 153
F2 Action potentials 157
F3 Synaptic transmission 164
F4 The panoply of transmitters 169
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VI Contents
F5 Action of transmitters on effector cells - receptors 175
F6 Degradation and reuptake of transmitters 180
F7 Integration of nerve cell function 184
F8 Methods for analyzing neurochemistry 188
Section G - The brain 193
G1 Parts of the brain 193
G2 The locomotor system 198
G3 The limbic system 205
G4 Cranial nerves 210
G5 Vision 214
G6 Audition 219
G7 The vestibular system and balance 224
G8 Taste and olfaction 229
Section H - The spinal cord and peripheral nervous system 233
H1 Spinal cord structure 233
H2 Spinal nerves and plexuses 239
H3 Structure and function of peripheral nerve 245
H4 Spinal reflexes 250
H5 Structure and function of the autonomic nervous system 254
H6 Autonomic pharmacology 260
Section I - Comparative physiology of skeletal and smooth
muscle 267
I1 Skeletal muscle function and properties 267
I2 The neuromuscular junction 272
I3 Excitation-contraction coupling 276
I4 Properties of skeletal muscle fiber types 283
I5 Exercising muscle 286
I6 Smooth muscle function and properties 289
I7 Innervation of smooth muscle 294
Section J - The gastrointestinal tract 297
J1 Introduction to the gastrointestinal tract 297
J2 The mouth, salivary secretion, and the esophagus 302
J3 The stomach and gastric secretion 307
J4 Chemical digestion of food 314
J5 The liver, gall bladder, and spleen 318
J6 Absorption of nutrients 324
J7 The large intestine, fluid, and electrolyte reabsorption 328
Section K - The endocrine system 333
K1 Defining 'hormones' 333
K2 Synthesis of hormones 336
K3 Hormone action 339
K4 Hypothalamic hormones 343
K5 Pituitary hormones 348
K6 Thyroid hormones 354
K7 Parathyroid hormone 359
K8 Adrenal hormones 361
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Contents VII
K9 Pancreatic hormones 368
K10 The gonads and sex hormones 373
Section L - Reproduction 377
L1 Overview of the male reproductive system 377
L2 Overview of the female reproductive system 382
L3 Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle 387
L4 From ovum to fetus 391
L5 Pregnancy 397
L6 Birth and lactation 402
Section M - The renal system, body fluids, and excretion 407
Ml Layout of the renal system 407
M2 Glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow 412
M3 Reabsorption of electrolytes and glucose 419
M4 Acid-base balance 425
M5 Hormonal control of fluid balance 429
Further reading 439
Index 443
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ABBREVIATIONS
ABP androgen-binding protein COX1 cyclo-oxygenase 1
ABPI ankle:brachial pressure COX2 cyclo-oxygenase 2
index CSF cerebrospinal fluid
ACE angiotensin-converting CRH corticotropin-releasing
enzyme hormone
acetyl-CoA acetyl coenzyme A DAG diacylglycerol
ACh acetylcholine DBH dopamine-β -hydroxylase
AChE acetylcholinesterase DBP diastolic blood pressure
AChR acetylcholine receptor DCT distal convoluted tubule
ACTH adrenocorticotropic 2-DG 2-deoxyglucose
hormone, corticotropin DHA dehydroepiandrosterone
ADH antidiuretic hormone DIT di-iodotyrosine
(vasopressin) DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
ADP adenosine diphosphate DOPA 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
AMP adenosine monophosphate DOPAC 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
AMPA α -amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl- acid
4-isoxazole-propionic acid DPG 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide DPPC dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-
ANS autonomic nervous system choline
AP action potential DRG dorsal root ganglion/dorsal
AT angiotensin respiratory group
ATP adenosine triphosphate ECF extracellular fluid
AV node atrioventricular node ECG electrocardiogram
BP blood pressure EDRF endothelium-derived
Ca2+ calcium ion relaxant factor
cAMP cyclic adenosine E membrane potential
m
monophosphate EPO erythropoietin
CBG cortisol-binding globulin, EPP endplate potential
transcortin EPSP excitatory postsynaptic
CCK cholecystokinin potential
CF cystic fibrosis ER endoplasmic reticulum
CFTR cystic fibrosis ESR erythrocyte sedimentation
transmembrane conductance rate
regulator FADH flavine adenine dinucleotide,
2
cGMP cyclic guanosine reduced form
monophosphate FEV forced expiratory volume
1
ChAT choline acetyl transferase in 1 s
CIA central inspiratory activity fMRI functional magnetic
CI- chloride ion resonance imaging
CNS central nervous system FSH follicle-stimulating
CO cardiac output hormone
CoA coenzyme A FVC forced vital capacity
CO carbon dioxide GABA γ -aminobutyric acid
2
COMT catechol-O- GDP guanosine diphosphate
methyltransferase GERD gastro-esophageal reflux
COPD chronic obstructive disease
pulmonary disease GFR glomerular filtration rate
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Abbreviations. ix
GH growth hormone, LVST lateral vestibulospinal tract
somatotropin MABP mean arterial blood pressure
GHRH growth hormone-releasing mAChR muscarinic acetylcholine
hormone receptor
GI gastrointestinal MALT mucosa-associated
GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1 lymphoid tissue
GLP-2 glucagon-like peptide 2 MAO monoamine oxidase
GLUT glucose transporter MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal
GNG gluconeogenesis Disease
GnRH gonadotropin-releasing mEPP miniature endplate potential
hormone MGN medial geniculate nucleus
GRE glucocorticoid response MIT mono-iodotyrosine
element MLCK myosin light chain kinase
GTN glyceryl trinitrate MLF medial longitudinal
GTO Golgi tendon organ fasciculus
GTP guanosine triphosphate mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid
H+ hydrogen ion, proton α -MSH α -melanocyte-stimulating
HCO carbonic acid hormone
2 3
Hb hemoglobin MVST medial vestibulospinal
HbA hemoglobin, adult tract
HbF hemoglobin, fetal Na+/K+ ATPase ATP-dependent sodium/
HCG human chorionic potassium pump
gonadotropin Na+ sodium ion
HC1 hydrochloric acid nAChRs nictonic acetylcholine
HCC- bicarbonate ion receptors
3
HDL high-density lipoprotein NADH nicotinamide adenine
HHb hemoglobin, reduced form dinucleotide, reduced form
5-HIAA 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid NADPH nicotinamide adenine
HPL human placental lactogen dinucleotide phosphate,
HPV hypoxia-induced pulmonary reduced form
vasoconstriction NAPQI N-acetyl-p-benzo-quinone
HR heart rate imine
ICM inner cell mass NE norepinephrine
IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1 NFP net filtration pressure
IL-1 interleukin-1 NH ammonia
3
IL-6 interleukin-6 NH+ ammonium
4
IP inositol trisphosphate NK natural killer (cell)
3
IPSP inhibitory postsynaptic NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate
potential NMJ neuromuscular junction
K+ potassium ion NO nitric oxide
K dissociation constant of an O oxygen
a 2
acid ONOO- peroxynitrite anion
LAD left anterior descending PaCo carbon dioxide tension of
2
(coronary artery) arterial blood
L-DOPA L-3,4- PAH para-aminohippuric acid
dihydroxyphenylalanine PAO oxygen tension of alveolar
2
LDL low-density lipoprotein air
LES lower esophageal sphincter PaO oxygen tension of arterial
2
LGN lateral geniculate nucleus blood
LH luteinizing hormone Bowman's space hydrostatic
PBS
LMN lower motor neuron pressure
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