Bioremediation of Toxic Metal(loid)s

424 Pages·2022·16.673 MB·English

by  Anju Malik (editor), Vinod Kumar Garg (editor), Mohd. Kashif Kidwai (editor)

Bioremediation of Toxic

Metal(loid)s

Editors
Anju Malik
Department of Energy and Environmental Sciences

Chaudhary Devi Lal University

Sirsa, Haryana

India

Mohd. Kashif Kidwai
Department of Energy and Environmental Sciences

Chaudhary Devi Lal University

Sirsa, Haryana

India

Vinod Kumar Garg
Department of Environmental Science and Technology

School of Environment and Earth Sciences

Central University of Punjab

Bathinda, Punjab

India

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A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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© 2023 Anju Malik, Mohd. Kashif Kidwai and Vinod Kumar Garg
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data (applied for)
ISBN: 978-1-032-13577-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-13579-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-22994-0 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003229940
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Radiant Productions
Preface

The environment is being incessantly contaminated by a large number of toxic pollutants resulting
from various technological advancements. Among them, metal(loid)s are an exclusive group of
toxicants, that are persistent, do not degrade, tend to bioaccumulate, and are difficult to transform
into non-toxic forms. The ever-increasing concentrations of metal(loid)s in the various spheres of
the environment are serious threat to human beings, animals, plants, and other living beings. Even
at trace concentrations, metal(loid)s have pernicious repercussions on living beings in particular
carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and other sub-lethal effects. Metal(loid)s pollution
is a challenge continuously threatening the environment over the globe. Consequently, a pressing
need has arisen for metal(loid)s remediation in an eco-friendly and cost-effective manner. In the
past few decades, metal(loid)s remediation has drawn considerable attention from the scientific
community and policymakers. Many conventional techniques based on physical, chemical, and
biological strategies have been employed to remove, clean, transform, or sequester these toxic
pollutants from the environment. However, most of these techniques have innate limitations including
their low sustainability and they are non-economic, labor-intensive, potentially introduce secondary
contaminants, disturb the native microflora and microfauna, and are often disquieting. Because
of the limitations associated with these conventional techniques, there has been a paradigm shift
towards a bio-based, environment-friendly approach recognized as bioremediation. Bioremediation
has a potential advantageous edge over other conventional remediation technologies as it is simple,
cost-intensive, environmental friendly, efficient, eco-friendly, eco-sustainable, and fast-emerging
new technology for remediating toxic metal(loid)s and other pollutants. Bioremediation utilizes
a vast array of biological materials, especially plants (phytoremediation), bacteria (microbial
remediation), algae (phycoremediation), fungi (mycoremediation), biochar, nano-bio materials,
nano-enzymes etc. In the processes of bioremediation, biodiversity acts as a toolbox, by which the
metal(loid)s are transformed into less toxic species or detoxified in an environment-friendly way.
The present book, Bioremediation of Toxic Metal(loid)s, has a compilation of the available
comprehensive knowledge of the fundamentals and advancements in the field of bioremediation
of toxic metal(loid)s. The mechanisms, applications, and current advancements of various
bioremediation strategies used for metal(loid)s have been described in 21 chapters contributed
by leading experts from different institutes, universities, and research laboratories from various
countries across the globe including Argentina, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, India, Japan,
Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, and Unites States of America. To reflect the theme of the
book, it has been divided into five sections:
Section I: Fundamentals of Bioremediation of Toxic Metal(loid)s
Section II: Bioremediation of Specific Toxic Metal(loid)s
Section III: Biotechnological Strategies for Remediation of Toxic Metal(loid)s
Section IV: Nanotechnology and Metal(loid)s Remediation
Section V: General Aspects/Case Studies on Bioremediation of Metal(oid)s
iv Bioremediation of Toxic Metal(loid)s
This book describes the state-of-the-art and potential of emerging technologies on bioremediation
of toxic metal(loid)s. In Section I, a comprehensive view of the mechanisms adopted by a vast array of
biological materials, especially higher plants, mosses, lichens, bacteria, algae, fungi, lignocellulosic
waste, etc., for bioprecipitating, accumulating, stabilizing, transforming, and removing metal(loid)s
have been given in nine chapters. The introductory chapter gives a bird’s eye view of the sources and
toxic effects of metal(loid)s pollution, and various bioremediation approaches used for metal(loid)
s decontamination. Some chapters in this section also emphasize post-bioremediation production
of bioenergy from biomass. Bioremediation of specific metal(loid)s such as Arsenic, Chromium,
Mercury, Uranium and other radionuclides has been addressed in Section II. The recent tools of
genetic, molecular, protein, and microbial engineering to modify plants for enhanced metal(loid)
s uptake, transport, and sequestration have been described in Section III. Section IV encompasses
the chapters on the nano-technological perspective of metal(loid)s remediation. Section V includes
chapters focussing on the restoration of old mining sites, bioremediation of mining waste and other
copper-containing effluents, and remediation of contaminated chromite mine spoil by biochar
application. All the chapters are comprehensive, can stand alone, and have relevant illustrations in
the form of tables, figures, and pictures providing additional help for clarity. On the other hand, all
the chapters have a unifying theme addressing bioremediation of toxic metal(loid)s.
We sincerely hope that this book will instil the current status, practicality, and implications
of bioremediation of toxic metal(loid)s to the researchers, academicians, environmentalists,
agriculturalists, scientists, extension workers, industrialists, students at undergraduate and
postgraduate levels, practicing engineers, policymakers, and other enthusiastic people who are
wholeheartedly devoted to the fields of Environmental Science, Microbiology, Biotechnology,
Public Health, Civil Engineering, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Agriculture, Life Sciences, etc.
The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the multidisciplinary team of
authors having expertise in this field of research for readily accepting our invitation, submitting
their innovative, high quality and valuable chapters in a timely manner, and their help in making
this voluminous and high-quality outcome a successful endeavor. Their commitments are greatly
appreciated. We all have strived hard to ensure that the book is free from any erroneous or misleading
information and any such mistake is inadvertent. Finally, this book is dedicated to our respective
families for their patience, co-operation, and understanding during this year-long journey. Last but
not the least, we thank our family members from the core of our hearts.
Anju Malik
Mohd. Kashif Kidwai
Vinod Kumar Garg
Contents

Preface iii
Section I: Fundamentals of Bioremediation of Toxic Metal(loid)s
1. Metal(loid)s: Sources, Toxicity and Bioremediation 3
Mohd. Kashif Kidwai, Anju Malik and Vinod Kumar Garg
2. Bioprecipitation as a Remediation Technique for Metal(loid)s Contamination 33
from Mining Activities
Samantha M. Wilcox, Catherine N. Mulligan and Carmen Mihaela Neculita
3. Bioaccumulation of Metals in Lichens and Mosses: Understanding Atmospheric 57
Deposition, Metal-induced Modifications and their Suitability as Biomonitors and
Bioremediators
Sharfaa Hussain, Parijat Bharali, Barnali Koushik and Raza R. Hoque
4. Phytoremediation: A Green Technology for Treating Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil 81
Huijuan Shao, Guangyu Cui and Sartaj Ahmad Bhat
5. Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): A Sustainable Strategy for Heavy Metals 95
Removal from Contaminated Waterbodies
Apurba Koley, Douglas Bray, Sandipan Banerjee, Sudeshna Sarkar, Richik Ghosh Thakur,
Amit Kumar Hazra, Narayan Chandra Mandal, Shibani Chaudhury, Andrew B. Ross,
Miller Alonso Camargo‑Valero and Srinivasan Balachandran
6. Bacterial Mechanisms for Metal(loid)s Remediation 115
Insha Sultan and Qazi. Mohd Rizwanul Haq.
7. Bioremediation Potential of Trichoderma species for Metal(loid)s 137
Mohd. Kashif Kidwai, Anju Malik, Sanju Bala Dhull, Pawan Kumar Rose and
Vinod Kumar Garg
8. Trends in Waste Water Treatment using Phycoremediation for Biofuel Production 153
Anuchaya Devi, Anita Singh, Monika Mahajan, Sinha Sahab, Vaibhav Srivastava,
Pooja Singh and Rajeev Pratap Singh
,
9. Lignocellulosic Waste as Adsorbent for Water Pollutants: A Step towards 168
Sustainability and Circular Economy
Andrea Beatriz Saralegui, Maria Natalia Piol, Victoria Willson, Nestor Caracciolo,
Cristina Vázquez and Susana Patricia Boeykens
vi Bioremediation of Toxic Metal(loid)s
Section II: Bioremediation of Specific Toxic Metal(loid)s
10. Bioremediation of Arsenic: A Sustainable Approach in Managing Arsenic 185
Contamination
Loveleena Khanikar and Md. Ahmaruzzaman
11. Phytoremediation of Uranium and Other Radionuclides in Soil and Water and 204
Effects of Biogeochemical Conditions
Naira Ibrahim and Fengxiang Han
1 2. Bioremediation Strategies for Removal of Chromium from Polluted Environment 216
Preksha Palsania, Mohd. Ashraf Dar and Garima Kaushik
1 3. Environmental Evidence and Behaviour of Mercury Emissions, 237
Biogeochemical Cycle, and Remediation in Earth Systems
Ramamoorthy Ayyamperumal, Xiaozhong Huang, Mohamed Khalith S.B.,
Natchimuthu Karmegam, Kantha Deivi Arunachalam, Diksha Sharma, Manikanda Bharath
Karuppasamy, Gnachandrasamy Gopala Krishnan and Balasubramani Ravindran
Section III: Biotechnological Strategies for Remediation of

Toxic Metal(loid)s

14. Deciphering the Role of Metal Binding Proteins and Metal Transporters for 257
Remediation of Toxic Metals in Plants
Harsimran Kaur, Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli, Kanika Khanna, Shalini Dhiman, Jaspreet Kour,
Tamanna Bhardwaj and Renu Bhardwaj
15. Remediation of Toxic Metal(loid)s: Biotechnological Strategies 273
Manish Singh Rajput, Upasana Jhariya, Kritika Pandey, Shweta Rai, Surbhi Kuril,
Pratibha Singh and Sridhar Pilli
1 6. Synthetic Biology Approaches for Bioremediation of Metals 292
Rohit Ruhal and Rashmi Kataria
Section IV: Nanotechnology and Metal(loid)s Remediation
17. Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Ecosystem: Nanotechnological Perspectives 309
Ruma Ganguly, Anshu Mathur and R.P. Singh
18. Mitigation of Arsenic Pollution by using Iron-based Nano-adsorbents 331
R. Suresh, Saravanan Rajendran and Lorena Cornejo Ponce
Section V: General Aspects/Case Studies on Bioremediation of Metal(loid)s
19. Restoration of Old Mining Sites Polluted by Metal(loid)s by using Various 351
Amendments
Manhattan Lebrun, Sylvain Bourgerie and Domenico Morabito
20. Bioremediation of Mining Waste and Other Copper-containing Effluents by 384
Biosorption
Javier I. Ordóñez, Ana Mercado, Liey‑si Wong‑Pinto and Sonia I. Cortés
21. Remediation of Contaminated Chromite Mine Spoil by Biochar Application 403
Dipita Ghosh, Manish Kumar, Nabin Kumar Dhal and Subodh Kumar Maiti
Index 415
About the Editors 417
Section I

Fundamentals of Bioremediation of

Toxic Metal(loid)s

C 1
hapter
Metal(loid)s
Sources, Toxicity and Bioremediation
Mohd. Kashif Kidwai,1 Anju Malik1,* and Vinod Kumar Garg2
1.1 Introduction
Global expansion in industrial sectors and urbanization for development have occurred at the cost
of the environment and its quality. Pollutants such as phthalates, PAH, metal(loid)s, dioxins, etc.,
are generated as a byproduct of various industrial and other activities surfacing environmental
pollution as a major global issue affecting both economy as well as ecology (Singh et al. 2021).
Heavy metals and metal(loid)s are widely known as environmental pollutants or potentially toxic
elements (PTE) due to their toxic properties affecting the overall biotic components of different
ecosystems (Sharma et al. 2015, Akhtar et al. 2020). Heavy metals occur naturally in the Earth’s
crust. Higher demand for the use of heavy metals in various industrial processes resulted in an
increase in exposure of various metal(loid)s in different ecosystems. Heavy metal pollution has
emerged due to unsustainable human induced activities such as smelting, mining of different
metals, foundries, leaching of metals in ground water, landfills, indiscriminate disposal of industrial
waste, and sewage waste water, excretion, runoffs, automobiles exhaust, construction activities, etc.
(Fig. 1.1). Due to the use of agrochemicals, improper sewage and industrial sludge disposal,
discharge of untreated industrial waste water, etc., are considered as some of the major sources of
pollution due to metal(loid)s. Geogenic and natural events like volcanic eruptions, weathering of
rocks, floods, ground water, wind erosion, soil erosion, forest fires, etc., are also some of the natural
sources of metal(loid)s in environment (Rotkittikhun et al. 2007, Jaishankar et al. 2014, Sharma
et al. 2015, Mosa et al. 2016, Muthusaravanan et al. 2018, Akhtar et al. 2020, Briffa et al. 2020,
Shah and Daverey 2020, Tarekegn et al. 2020, Arora and Chauhan 2021, Goswami et al. 2021, Kaur
and Roy 2021, Li et al. 2021, Manori et al. 2021, Raffa et al. 2021, Poonia et al. 2021, Sharma
and Kumar 2021, Thakare et al. 2021, Velez et al. 2021, Xiang et al. 2021, Zaynab et al. 2022).
Both developing and developed nations are experiencing various environmental challenges due to
improper disposal of metal(loid)s (Kaur and Roy 2021).
Heavy metals are inorganic elements with high atomic weight and density (more than 5 gcm–3)
and pose serious health hazards and ecological risks all over the globe even at low concentrations
(Witkowksa et al. 2021) as exhibited in Fig. 1.2, Tables 1.1 and 1.2. In this chapter, the term
1 Department of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India.

2 Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of

Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
* Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]