Biopsychology, Global Edition

621 Pages·2021·25.684 MB·English

by  John Pinel, Steven Barnes

Biopsychology
ELEVENTH EDITION
GLOBAL EDITION
John P. J. Pinel & Steven J. Barnes
University of British Columbia
Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Dubai • Singapore • Hong Kong
Tokyo • Seoul • Taipei • New Delhi • Cape Town • São Paulo • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam • Munich • Paris • Milan
A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 1 25/01/2021 11:12
Pearson Education Limited
KAO Two
KAO Park
Hockham Way
Harlow
Essex
CM17 9SR
United Kingdom

and Associated Companies throughout the world

Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com

© Pearson Education Limited, 2022

The rights of John P. J. Pinel and Steven Barnes to be identified as the authors of this work have been
asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Biopsychology, 11th Edition, ISBN 978-0-135-71088-
3 by John P.J. Pinel and Steven J. Barnes, published by Pearson Education © 2021.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the
United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London
EC1N 8TS. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding
permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights and
Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.

All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text
does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the
use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners.

This eBook is a standalone product and may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version.
It also does not provide access to other Pearson digital products like MyLab and Mastering. The publisher
reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 10: 1-292-35193-4
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-35193-3
eBook ISBN 13: 978-1-292-36766-8

Typeset in Palatino LT Pro 9.5/13 by SPi Global.
eBook formatted by B2R Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Brief Contents
PART ONE What Is Biopsychology? 10 Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity 258
1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience 25 Can the Brain Recover from Damage?
What Is Biopsychology, Anyway? 11 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 287
How Your Brain Stores Information
PART TWO Foundations of Biopsychology
2 Evolution, Genetics, and Experience 44
PART FIVE Biopsychology of
Thinking about the Biology of Behavior Motivation
3 Anatomy of the Nervous System 72 12 Hunger, Eating, and Health 316
Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Why Do So Many People Eat Too Much?
Nervous System
13 Hormones and Sex 344
4 Neural Conduction and Synaptic
What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa?
Transmission 97
How Neurons Send and Receive Signals 14 Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian
Rhythms 371
5 The Research Methods of
How Much Do You Need to Sleep?
Biopsychology 121
Understanding What Biopsychologists Do 15 Drug Use, Drug Addiction,
and the Brain’s Reward Circuits 404
Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure
PART THREE Sensory and Motor Systems
6 The Visual System 151
PART SIX Disorders of Cognition
How We See
and Emotion
7 Sensory Systems, Perception,
and Attention 183 16 Lateralization, Language, and
the Split Brain 431
How You Know the World
The Left Brain and Right Brain
8 The Sensorimotor System 212
17 Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress,
How You Move
and Health 461
Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion
PART FOUR Brain Plasticity
18 Biopsychology of Psychiatric
9 Development of the Nervous System 236 Disorders 484
From Fertilized Egg to You The Brain Unhinged
3
A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 3 25/01/2021 11:12
This page is intentionally left blank
A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 4 25/01/2021 11:12
Contents
Preface 16 PART TWO Foundations of Biopsychology
To the Student 22
About the Authors 22 2 Evolution, Genetics, and Experience 44
Thinking about the Biology of Behavior
Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From
PART ONE What Is Biopsychology?
Dichotomies to Interactions 45
1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience 25 The Origins of Dichotomous Thinking 45
IS IT PHYSIOLOGICAL, OR IS IT PSYCHOLOGICAL? 45 •
What Is Biopsychology, Anyway? IS IT INHERITED, OR IS IT LEARNED? 46
The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time 27 Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior
in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies 46
Four Major Themes of This Text 27
PHYSIOLOGICAL-OR-PSYCHOLOGICAL THINKING RUNS
THINKING CREATIVELY ABOUT BIOPSYCHOLOGY 27 •
INTO DIFFICULTY 46
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 27 • THE EVOLUTIONARY
The Case of the Man Who Fell Out of Bed 47
PERSPECTIVE 27 • NEUROPLASTICITY 27
Emerging Themes of This Text 28 The Case of the Chimps with Mirrors 47
THINKING ABOUT EPIGENETICS 28 • CONSCIOUSNESS 28 NATURE-OR-NURTURE THINKING RUNS INTO DIFFICULTY 48
What Is Biopsychology? 28 The Case of the Thinking Student 48
Defining Biopsychology 28
A MODEL OF THE BIOLOGY OF BEHAVIOR 48
What Are the Origins of Biopsychology? 28 Human Evolution 49
How Is Biopsychology Related to the Other Disciplines Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 49
of Neuroscience? 29
Evolution and Behavior 51
What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological
SOCIAL DOMINANCE 51 • COURTSHIP DISPLAY 51
Approach? 29
Course of Human Evolution 52
Human and Nonhuman Subjects 29
EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATES 52 • EVOLUTION OF
Experiments and Nonexperiments 30 AMPHIBIANS 52 • EVOLUTION OF REPTILES 52 • EVOLUTION
EXPERIMENTS 30 • QUASIEXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 31 • OF MAMMALS 52 • EMERGENCE OF HUMANKIND 53
CASE STUDIES 32 Thinking about Human Evolution 54
Pure and Applied Research 32 Evolution of the Human Brain 56
What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology? 33 Fundamental Genetics 58
Physiological Psychology 34 Mendelian Genetics 58
Psychopharmacology 34 Chromosomes 59
Neuropsychology 34 REPRODUCTION AND RECOMBINATION 59 • STRUCTURE
The Case of Mr. R., the Student with a Brain Injury AND REPLICATION 60 • SEX CHROMOSOMES AND
SEX-LINKED TRAITS 61
Who Switched to Architecture 34
Genetic Code and Gene Expression 61
Psychophysiology 35
Human Genome Project 63
Cognitive Neuroscience 35
Modern Genetics: Growth of Epigenetics 63
Comparative Psychology 36
Epigenetics of Behavioral Development: Interaction
How Do Biopsychologists Conduct Their Work? 37
of Genetic Factors and Experience 66
Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists
Selective Breeding of “Maze-Bright” and “Maze-Dull” Rats 66
Work Together? 37
Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder 67
Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study
Genetics of Human Psychological Differences 68
the Unobservable Workings of the Brain? 38
Development of Individuals versus Development
Thinking Critically about Biopsychological Claims 39
of Differences among Individuals 68
Evaluating Biopsychological Claims 40
Heritability Estimates: Minnesota Study of
Case 1: José and the Bull 40
Twins Reared Apart 68
Case 2: Two Chimpanzees, Moniz, and the Prefrontal A Look into the Future: Two Kinds of Twin Studies 69
Lobotomy 40 TWIN STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS 69 • TWIN STUDIES
OF THE EFFECTS OF EXPERIENCE ON HERITABILITY 70
Themes Revisited 42 • Key Terms 43
Themes Revisited 70 • Key Terms 71
5
A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 5 25/01/2021 11:12
6 Contents
3 Anatomy of the Nervous System 72 Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of
Neurotransmitter Molecules 109
Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up
Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules 109
Your Nervous System
Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter
General Layout of the Nervous System 73 Molecules 109
Divisions of the Nervous System 73 Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling 111
Meninges 74 Glia, Gap Junctions, and Synaptic Transmission 112
Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid 75 Neurotransmitters 114
Blood–Brain Barrier 76 Overview of the Neurotransmitter Classes 114
Cells of the Nervous System 77 The Roles and Functions of Neurotransmitters 114
Anatomy of Neurons 77 AMINO ACID NEUROTRANSMITTERS 114 • MONOAMINE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS 114 • ACETYLCHOLINE 114 •
NEURON CELL MEMBRANE 77 • CLASSES OF NEURONS 77 •
UNCONVENTIONAL NEUROTRANSMITTERS 114 •
NEURONS AND NEUROANATOMICAL STRUCTURE 78
NEUROPEPTIDES 116
Glia: The Forgotten Cells 80
Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior 116
Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions 82
How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission 116
Neuroanatomical Techniques 82
Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines
GOLGI STAIN 82 • NISSL STAIN 82 • ELECTRON
of Research 117
MICROSCOPY 82 • NEUROANATOMICAL TRACING
TECHNIQUES 83 WRINKLES AND DARTS: DISCOVERY OF RECEPTOR
SUBTYPES 117 • PLEASURE AND PAIN: DISCOVERY OF
Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System 84
ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS 119 • TREMORS AND MENTAL ILLNESS:
Anatomy of the Central Nervous System 86 DISCOVERY OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS 119
Spinal Cord 86 Themes Revisited 120 • Key Terms 120
Five Major Divisions of the Brain 86
Myelencephalon 87 5 The Research Methods
Metencephalon 87 of Biopsychology 121
Mesencephalon 88 Understanding What Biopsychologists Do
Diencephalon 88
The Ironic Case of Professor P. 123
Telencephalon 90
PART ONE Methods of Studying the Nervous System 123
CEREBRAL CORTEX 90
Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the
Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia 92
Living Human Brain 123
Themes Revisited 95 • Key Terms 95
X-Ray-Based Techniques 124
4 Neural Conduction and Synaptic CONTRAST X-RAYS 124 • COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 124
Transmission 97 Radioactivity-Based Techniques 125
Magnetic-Field-Based Techniques 125
How Neurons Send and Receive Signals
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 125 • DIFFUSION
The Lizard: A Case of Parkinson’s Disease 98 TENSOR MRI 126 • FUNCTIONAL MRI 126
Ultrasound-Based Techniques 127
Resting Membrane Potential 99
Transcranial Stimulation 127
Recording the Membrane Potential 99
Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential 99 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity 128
Psychophysiological Measures of Brain Activity 128
Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic
Potentials 100 SCALP ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY 128 •
MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY 130
Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials 100
Psychophysiological Measures of Somatic Nervous
Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation
System Activity 130
of Action Potentials 101
MUSCLE TENSION 130 • EYE MOVEMENT 130
Conduction of Action Potentials 104
Psychophysiological Measures of Autonomic
Ionic Basis of Action Potentials 104 Nervous System Activity 131
Refractory Periods 105 SKIN CONDUCTANCE 131 • CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY 131
Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials 105 Invasive Physiological Research Methods 132
CONDUCTION IN MYELINATED AXONS 105 • THE VELOCITY Stereotaxic Surgery 132
OF AXONAL CONDUCTION 106 • CONDUCTION IN NEURONS
Lesion Methods 133
WITHOUT AXONS 106
ASPIRATION LESIONS 133 • RADIO-FREQUENCY
The Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Perspective 106
LESIONS 133 • KNIFE CUTS 133 • REVERSIBLE
Synaptic Transmission: From Electrical Signals LESIONS 133 • INTERPRETING LESION EFFECTS 133 •
to Chemical Signals 107 BILATERAL AND UNILATERAL LESIONS 134
Structure of Synapses 107 Electrical Stimulation 134
A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 6 25/01/2021 11:12
Contents 7
Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods 134 Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina 154
INTRACELLULAR UNIT RECORDING 134 • EXTRACELLULAR Pupil and Lens 154
UNIT RECORDING 134 • MULTIPLE-UNIT RECORDING 135 • Eye Position and Binocular Disparity 155
INVASIVE EEG RECORDING 135
The Retina and Translation of Light into
Pharmacological Research Methods 135
Neural Signals 157
Routes of Drug Administration 136
Structure of the Retina 157
Selective Chemical Lesions 136
Cone and Rod Vision 158
Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain 136
Spectral Sensitivity 160
2-DEOXYGLUCOSE TECHNIQUE 136 • CEREBRAL DIALYSIS 136
Eye Movement 161
Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in
Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light
the Brain 137
to Neural Signals 162
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY 137 • IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION 137
From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex 163
Genetic Methods 137
Retina-Geniculate-Striate System 163
Gene Knockout Techniques 138
Retinotopic Organization 164
Gene Knockin Techniques 138
The M and P Channels 164
Gene Editing Techniques 138
Seeing Edges 165
Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow 139
Contrast Enhancement 165
Optogenetics: A Neural Light Switch 139
Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons: Hubel & Wiesel 166
PART TWO Behavioral Research Methods
Receptive Fields of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate
of Biopsychology 141
System: Hubel & Wiesel 166
Neuropsychological Testing 141
Receptive Fields of Primary Visual Cortex Neurons:
Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing 141
Hubel & Wiesel 167
THE SINGLE-TEST APPROACH 141 • THE STANDARDIZED-
SIMPLE STRIATE CELLS 168 • COMPLEX STRIATE
TEST-BATTERY APPROACH 141 • THE CUSTOMIZED-TEST-
CELLS 168 • BINOCULAR COMPLEX STRIATE CELLS 168
BATTERY APPROACH 142
Organization of Primary Visual Cortex: Hubel &
Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery 142
Wiesel’s Findings 168
INTELLIGENCE 142 • MEMORY 142 • LANGUAGE 142 •
The Case of Mrs. Richards, Revisited 169
LANGUAGE LATERALIZATION 143
Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function 143 Changing Concept of the Characteristics of
Visual Receptive Fields 169
MEMORY 143 • LANGUAGE 143
Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience 144 RETINAL GANGLION CELLS 169 • LATERAL GENICULATE
CELLS 169
The Case of the Vegetative Patient 144
Changing Concept of Visual Receptive Fields:
Paired-Image Subtraction Technique 144 Contextual Influences in Visual Processing 169
Default Mode Network 145 Seeing Color 170
Mean Difference Images 145 Component and Opponent Processing 170
Functional Connectivity 146 Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory 172
Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior 146 Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious
Paradigms for the Assessment of Species-Common Awareness 173
Behaviors 146 Three Different Classes of Visual Cortex 174
OPEN-FIELD TEST 146 • TESTS OF AGGRESSIVE AND Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and
DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR 146 • TESTS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 146
Completion 174
Traditional Conditioning Paradigms 147
The Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces
Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms 147
Disappear 175
CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION 147 • RADIAL ARM
MAZE 148 • MORRIS WATER MAZE 148 • CONDITIONED The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His
DEFENSIVE BURYING 148 Own Blindsight 175
Thinking Creatively About Biopsychological Research 148 Functional Areas of Secondary and Association
Themes Revisited 149 • Key Terms 150 Visual Cortex 176
Dorsal and Ventral Streams 176
D.F., the Woman Who Could Grasp Objects
PART THREE Sensory and Motor Systems She Did Not Consciously See 178
A.T., the Woman Who Could Not Accurately
6 The Visual System 151
Grasp Unfamiliar Objects That She Saw 178
How We See Prosopagnosia 179
The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions IS PROSOPAGNOSIA SPECIFIC TO FACES? 179
and the Astronomer 153 R.P., a Typical Prosopagnosic 179
A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 7 25/01/2021 11:12
8 Contents
WHAT BRAIN PATHOLOGY IS ASSOCIATED WITH Perception 206
PROSOPAGNOSIA? 179 • CAN PROSOPAGNOSICS PERCEIVE
Role of Prior Experience in Perception 206
FACES IN THE ABSENCE OF CONSCIOUS AWARENESS? 180
Perceptual Decision Making 206
Akinetopsia 180
The Binding Problem 207
Two Cases of Drug-Induced Akinetopsia 180
Selective Attention 208
Themes Revisited 181 • Key Terms 181
Characteristics of Selective Attention 208
7 Sensory Systems, Perception, Change Blindness 209
Neural Mechanisms of Attention 210
and Attention 183
Simultanagnosia 210
How You Know the World
Themes Revisited 211 • Key Terms 211
The Case of the Man Who Could See Only One
Thing at a Time 185 8 The Sensorimotor System 212
Principles of Sensory System Organization 185
How You Move
Types of Sensory Areas of Cortex 185
The Case of Rhonelle, the Dexterous Cashier 214
Features of Sensory System Organization 185
Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function 214
Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat 186
The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized 214
FUNCTIONAL SEGREGATION 186 • PARALLEL
PROCESSING 186 • SUMMARY MODEL OF SENSORY Motor Output Is Guided by Sensory Input 215
SYSTEM ORGANIZATION 186 The Case of G.O., the Man with Too Little Feedback 215
Auditory System 187
Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of
Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound 187
Sensorimotor Control 215
The Ear 188
General Model of Sensorimotor System Function 215
From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex 189
Sensorimotor Association Cortex 216
Auditory Cortex 189
Posterior Parietal Association Cortex 216
ORGANIZATION OF PRIMATE AUDITORY CORTEX 190 •
The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned
WHAT SOUNDS SHOULD BE USED TO STUDY AUDITORY
in Circles 217
CORTEX? 190 • WHAT ANALYSES DOES THE AUDITORY
CORTEX PERFORM? 191 • TWO STREAMS OF AUDITORY Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex 218
CORTEX 191 • AUDITORY–VISUAL INTERACTIONS 191 •
Secondary Motor Cortex 219
WHERE DOES THE PERCEPTION OF PITCH OCCUR? 191
Effects of Damage to the Auditory System 192 Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex 219
Mirror Neurons 219
AUDITORY CORTEX DAMAGE 192 • DEAFNESS
IN HUMANS 192 Primary Motor Cortex 221
Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain 194 Conventional View of Primary Motor Cortex
Cutaneous Receptors 194 Function 221
Two Major Somatosensory Pathways 194 Current View of Primary Motor Cortex Function 222
Cortical Areas of Somatosensation 195 Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot
EFFECTS OF DAMAGE TO THE PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY with Her Mind 222
CORTEX 197 EFFECTS OF PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX LESIONS 223
Somatosensory System and Association Cortex 198
Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia 223
The Case of W.M., Who Reduced His Scotoma Cerebellum 223
with His Hand 198
Basal Ganglia 223
Somatosensory Agnosias 198 Descending Motor Pathways 224
The Case of Aunt Betty, Who Lost Half of Her Body 198 The Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and
Rubber-Hand Illusion 199 the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways 225
Perception of Pain 199 Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits 225
PAIN IS ADAPTIVE 199 Muscles 225
The Case of Miss C., the Woman Who Felt No Pain 199 Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles 226
Stretch Reflex 227
PAIN HAS NO CLEAR CORTICAL REPRESENTATION 200 •
PAIN IS MODULATED BY COGNITION AND EMOTION 200 Withdrawal Reflex 228
Neuropathic Pain 201 Reciprocal Innervation 228
Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste 202 Recurrent Collateral Inhibition 230
Adaptive Roles of the Chemical Senses 202 Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex 230
Olfactory System 202 Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning 231
Gustatory System 204 A Hierarchy of Central Sensorimotor Programs 231
Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses 205 Characteristics of Central Sensorimotor Programs 231
A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 8 25/01/2021 11:12
Contents 9
CENTRAL SENSORIMOTOR PROGRAMS ARE CAPABLE OF GENETIC MECHANISMS OF ASD 254 • NEURAL
MOTOR EQUIVALENCE 231 • SENSORY INFORMATION MECHANISMS OF ASD 254
THAT CONTROLS CENTRAL SENSORIMOTOR PROGRAMS Williams Syndrome 255
IS NOT NECESSARILY CONSCIOUS 231 • CENTRAL
The Case of Anne Louise McGarrah: Uneven Abilities 255
SENSORIMOTOR PROGRAMS CAN DEVELOP WITHOUT
PRACTICE 232 • PRACTICE CAN CREATE CENTRAL EPILOGUE 256
SENSORIMOTOR PROGRAMS 232 Themes Revisited 257 • Key Terms 257
Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning 233
Neuroplasticity Associated with Sensorimotor
PART FIVE Biopsychology of Motivation
Learning 234
The Case of Rhonelle, Revisited 234
10 Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity 258
Themes Revisited 234 • Key Terms 234
Can the Brain Recover from Damage?
The Ironic Case of Professor P. 259
PART FOUR Brain Plasticity Causes of Brain Damage 260
Brain Tumors 260
9 Development of the Nervous System 236
Strokes 261
From Fertilized Egg to You CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE 261 • CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA 262
Traumatic Brain Injuries 262
The Case of Genie 238
The Case of Junior Seau 264
Five Phases of Early Neurodevelopment 238
Infections of the Brain 264
Stem Cells and Neurodevelopment 238
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 264 • VIRAL INFECTIONS 264
Induction of the Neural Plate 239
Neurotoxins 265
Neural Proliferation 240
Genetic Factors 265
Migration and Aggregation 240
Programmed Cell Death 265
MIGRATION 240 • AGGREGATION 242
Neurological Diseases 266
Axon Growth and Synapse Formation 242
Epilepsy 266
AXON GROWTH 242 • SYNAPSE FORMATION 244
Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement 245 FOCAL SEIZURES 267
The Subtlety of Complex Seizures: Two Cases 267
SYNAPSE REARRANGEMENT 246
Early Cerebral Development in Humans 246 GENERALIZED SEIZURES 267
Prenatal Growth of the Human Brain 247 Parkinson’s Disease 268
Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain 247 Huntington’s Disease 269
Development of the Prefrontal Cortex 248 Multiple Sclerosis 270
Alzheimer’s Disease 271
Effects of Experience on Postnatal Development
of Neural Circuits 248 Animal Models of Human Neurological Diseases 274
Critical Periods vs. Sensitive Periods 248 Kindling Model of Epilepsy 274
Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment: MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease 275
Deprivation and Enrichment 249 The Case of the Frozen Drug Users 275
Experience and Neurodevelopment 249
Responses to Nervous System Damage:
OCULAR DOMINANCE COLUMNS 249 • TOPOGRAPHIC
Degeneration, Regeneration, Reorganization,
SENSORY CORTEX MAPS 250
and Recovery 275
Neuroplasticity in Adults 250
Neural Degeneration 275
Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals 250
Neural Regeneration 276
EFFECTS OF EXPERIENCE ON ADULT NEUROGENESIS 251 •
Neural Reorganization 278
FUNCTIONS OF NEWLY BORN NEURONS IN THE
ADULT BRAIN 251 CORTICAL REORGANIZATION FOLLOWING DAMAGE
Effects of Experience on the Reorganization IN LABORATORY ANIMALS 278 • CORTICAL REORGANIZATION
FOLLOWING DAMAGE IN HUMANS 278 • MECHANISMS
of the Adult Cortex 252
OF NEURAL REORGANIZATION 279
Atypical Neurodevelopment: Autism Spectrum
Recovery of Function after CNS Damage 280
Disorder and Williams Syndrome 252
Neuroplasticity and the Treatment
Autism Spectrum Disorder 253
of CNS Damage 280
ASD IS A HETEROGENEOUS DISORDER 253
Neurotransplantation as a Treatment for
The Case of Alex: Are You Ready to Rock? 253
CNS Damage: Early Research 281
The Case of S.D.: The Self-Advocate 253 The Case of Roberto Garcia d’Orta: The Lizard
ASD SAVANTS 254 Gets an Autotransplant 281
Cases of Amazing Savant Abilities 254 Modern Research on Neurotransplantation 282
A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 9 25/01/2021 11:12