Biopolymers in packaging applications

51 Pages·0.505 MB·English

by  Pira International Ltd

biomaterials > e-book
Biopolymers in
Packaging Applications
This report aims to illustrate the drivers, rationale, technologies, actualities
and outlook factors shaping the development, integration and penetration of
biopolymers in the packaging market.
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Biopolymers in Packaging Applications
IntertechPira Business Intelligence
Ashley Gange
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table of contents
3 4
Executive Summary
1
Processing Biopolymers Biopolymers in Packaging
Overview Packaging Types
Introduction and Objective Renewable and Non-Renewable Biodegradable 4Rigid Packaging
Objective and Scope Composites 4Flexible and Films Packaging
Abbreviations and Definitions Renewable Biodegradable Biopolymers End Use Sectors
Non-Renewable, Biodegradable Biopolymers 4Food Packaging
2
Renewable, Non-Biodegradable Biopolymers 4Beverage Packaging
Biopolymer Material Profiles 4Non-food Packaging
4AgroResin 4Food Service Packaging
4Biomax
Biopolymers: State of the Industry 4Bionolle 5
Eco-Concern 4BIOPar
Consumer Demand 4Biocycle
Political and Regulatory Environment 4Cereplast
Composting Infrastructure 4Ecovio Biopolymer Packaging on the Horizon
Retailer Initiatives and Private Label 4Enpol Market Outlook
Certification and Logos 4Ingeo 4Market Size
Costs and Commodity Prices 4Mater-Bi 4Packaging Type Trends
Market Supply and Demand 4Mirel 4Material Type Trends
4NatureFlex Emerging Sources of Biopolymers: Algae
4Plantic Emerging Technology: Nanotechnology
List of Tables and Figures
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biomaterials > e-book > biopolymers in packaging applications
Executive Summary
• Eco-concern played a key role in encouraging the development to the addition of added value and differentiative characteristics
of biopolymers in packaging applications over the review period. to price competitiveness. The higher cost of
This occurred directly via consumer demand for eco-friendly raw materials used
products as well as indirectly via the political and ensuing • Product standard certification and logos became increasingly
in the manufacture
regulatory environment. supported by manufacturers and retailers as a tool to
of biopolymers
communicate benefits to customers as the review period
was a major factor
• From the consumer demand perspective, preferences developed progressed. Commonly used standards included ASTM D6400 in
in some markets and sectors to the point that product eco- the US and EN13432 in the EU, while logos used included those hindering the
friendliness was considered to be a brand expectation rather promoted by the Biodegradable Products Institute in the US and market penetration
than a point of differentiation. There were, however, signs in European Bioplastics in Europe. of biopolymer
other markets that a degree of eco-fatigue had settled in due to
packaging.
overuse or misuse of the eco-friendly concept. • The higher cost of raw materials used in the manufacture of
biopolymers was a major factor hindering the market penetration
• In terms of the political and regulatory environment, of biopolymer packaging. However, the price advantage of
governments in a number of regions encouraged a reduction in conventional polymers was eroded over the review period due
waste going to landfill and sought to foster conditions to aid to commodity price fluctuations, which in combination with the
the development and implementation of solutions such as those growing scale of biopolymer production enabled biopolymer
based on biopolymers. In Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands packaging to become more price competitive.
for example, such conditions have created significant composting
infrastructure and separate collections of waste which enable the • A wide and expanding range of biopolymer based materials for
marketing benefits of biopolymer packaging compostability to be packaging applications is being marketed by a growing number
achieved. of suppliers. The characteristics of various biopolymers vary
in terms of sustainability, packaging application performance
• On the high-street, leading grocery chains reacted to rising and price/cost, leading to the processing and marketing of
consumer eco-concern by supporting the use of sustainable composites for specific functionality and to cut cost.
and/or biodegradable biopolymer packaging in place of that
based on conventional plastics. This was particularly the case in • Umbrella brand ranges also encompass a wide range of
private label product ranges under their control, which generally products marketed with various degrees of sustainability and
gained share of sales by brand over the review period, partly due biodegradability. Demand factors that typically determine the
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biomaterials > e-book > biopolymers in packaging applications
Executive Summary
choice of blend and its composition include market positioning, is forecast to grow in volume terms at a CAGR of 24.9%
price positioning, end application requirements, material from 125,295 tonnes in 2010 to 1,305,810 tonnes in 2015.
performance and regulatory requirements. Comparable growth in constant value terms is projected to be
recorded at 23.5% to reach a global market value of US$1.3
• One of the most significant recent occurrences with regard to billion in 2015.
biopolymer processing and potential market penetration was the
development by Brazilian petrochemical company Braskem, in • Bio-PE is expected to record greatest actual growth in sales
2010, of a 200 thousand tonne per year production capacity of volume by biopolymer packaging material type during this time.
relatively price competitive renewable bio-PE derived from sugar This will be driven by factors shaping demand for biopolymers
cane. This is expected to be accompanied by a further bio-PE overall as well as the marketing activities of Braskem and Dow
production capacity of 350 thousand tonnes per year to be Chemicals who are forecast to have a combined supply capacity
established by Dow Chemical in Brazil in 2011. of bio-PE of over half a million tonnes per year by 2012.
• The global market for biopolymers in packaging applications was • Sources of biopolymers that are expected to become increasingly
valued at US$455 million and 125 thousand tonnes in 2010. significant over the outlook period include those that do not
It grew at CAGR’s in volume and current value terms by 22.9% compete with food production for resources, such as Algae, and
and 21.7% respectively over the 2005 to 2010 review period, materials suitable for packaging applications based on Algae
illustrating rapid growth in demand and a decline in average are projected for launch in 2011. Furthermore, technological
prices. advances, such as those based on nanotechnology, are forecast
to continue improving biopolymer properties and increasing the
• Although market shares by biopolymer type differ significantly number of potential applications for such materials in packaging.
by region, PLA leads in global terms with a value share of 29.3%
in 2010 followed by starch and cellulose with 17.1% and 16.4%
value shares respectively. Europe is the largest regional market
for biopolymer packaging, accounting for 53.7% of global
demand by volume in 2010, followed by North America and Asia
with 25.4% and 16.4% volume shares respectively.
• The global market for biopolymers in packaging applications
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biomaterials > e-book > biopolymers in packaging applications
1 Introduction and Objective
Objective and Scope applications for biopolymer based materials by end use, while the
This report aims to illustrate the drivers, rationale, technologies, Biopolymers Packaging on the Horizon section outlines how the This report aims
actualities and outlook factors shaping the development, biopolymer based packaging market may be expected to evolve to illustrate the
integration and penetration of biopolymer based concepts in the over the next five to ten years.
drivers, rationale,
packaging market. For the purposes of this report, biopolymers
technologies,
are defined as those that are biodegradable and/or derived from Abbreviations and Definitions
actualities and
renewable resources. Packaging and materials that incorporate
oxodegradable additives in their composition are excluded from the Aliphatic polyesters Aliphatic polyesters include materials outlook factors
scope of this report. such as polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, polyhydroxy butyrate shaping the
and polybutylene succinate. They are biodegradable and may development,
Biopolymers in Packaging Applications is primarily aimed at the be processed on conventional equipment into foams, blown and
integration and
packaging industry although it may also be of interest at other extruded films, and injection moulded products. However, they lack
penetration of
levels including: commercial i.e. manufacturers of consumer many of the mechanical properties common to aromatic polyesters.
biopolymer based
products and purchasers of packaging; and retailing i.e. buyers, Aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters (AAC) With relatively high
sellers and distributors of consumer products. melting points for degradable plastics (around 200°C), these concepts in the
copolyesters combine the mechanical advantages of aromatic packaging market.
The State of the Industry section analyses the factors driving the polyesters, such as PET, with the common biodegradability of
development and marketing of biopolymer packaging concepts. aliphatic polyesters.
It focuses on industry drivers ranging from environmental, Biodegradable Of such a nature that it is capable of undergoing
consumer, retailer, economic and regulatory perspectives, as well physical, chemical, thermal or biological decomposition such that
as providing an overview of the state of the industry in terms of most of the finished compost ultimately decomposes into carbon
market size and supply. dioxide, biomass and water.
BMW Biodegradable municipal waste
The Biopolymers Processing section identifies the feedstocks and BOPLA Biaxially oriented poly lactic acid
processes used to manufacture biopolymer based materials. It BOPP Biaxially oriented polypropylene
includes profiles of a selection of biopolymer based materials, CA Cellulose acetate
detailing their properties, characteristics and packaging applications. CDA Cellulose diacetate
Compostable Compostable is defined as capable of undergoing
The Biopolymers in Packaging section addresses packaging biological decomposition in a compost site as part of an available
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biomaterials > e-book > biopolymers in packaging applications
Introduction and Objective
program, such that the plastic is not visually distinguishable and Machinability Machinability, also known as machine
breaks down to carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds, and performance, is the ability of a film to travel and track well through
biomass, at a rate consistent with known compostable materials. a packaging machine. Different machines favour different film
Compostable polymer A polymer which is biodegradable under properties. Therefore, a film may demonstrate good machinability
composting conditions. The polymer must break down under on one piece of equipment and not on another.
the action of micro-organisms, total conversion into CO2, H2O, MM(S) Millimetre(s)
inorganic compounds and biomass under aerobic conditions MPET Modified polyethylene tetraphalate. PET that has been
must be obtained and the mineralisation rate must be high and modified by the incorporation of monomers to create weak links
compatible with the composting process in the polymeric chain that may enable degradation. Includes
Copolyesters Combinations of aromatic esters with aliphatic materials such as PBAT and PAT.
esters or other polymer units such as ethers and amides. Frequently Monomer The smallest repeating unit in a polymer chain, a
used to produce materials with adjustable degradation rates. monomer may join with other molecules to form a polymer.
Degradability Defined as the ability of materials to break down OP Oriented polyester
Ecotoxicity The toxicity of residues, volatile gases or leachate to Opacity Opacity is a common measurement that describes a
the environment during biodegradation. substrate’s light-blocking ability. A perfectly opaque substrate has
EPS Expanded polystyrene an opacity value of 100%.
EVOH Ethylene vinyl alcohol OPET Oriented polyester
Foamed starch Produced in a blow process using water steam, OPP Oriented polypropylene
foamed starch may be used as a substitute for polystyrene foam. It Organic recycling Aerobic or anaerobic treatment of materials
is insulating, shock absorbing and antistatic. under controlled conditions using micro-organisms to produce
GR(S) Gramme(s) methane, carbon dioxide and organic residues.
GSM Grammes per square metre OTC Over-the-counter
HDPE High density polyethylene OTR Oxygen transmission rate
KG(S) Kilogramme(s) PC Polycarbonate
L Litre PAT Polytetramethylene adipate/terephthalate
LCA Life cycle analysis PBAT Polybutylene adipate/terephthalate
LDPE Low density polyethylene PE Polyethylene
LLCA Limited life cycle analysis PEN Polyethylene naphthalate
LLDPE Linear low density polyethylene PET Polyethylene terephthalate
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