Biophysics and Physiology of Carbon Dioxide: Symposium Held at the University of Regensburg (FRG) April 17–20, 1979

457 Pages·1980·32.42 MB·English

by  W. Knoche (auth.)

Proceedings in Life Sciences
Biophysics and
Physiology
of Carbon Dioxide
Symposium Held at the
University of Regensburg (FRG)
April 17-20, 1979
Organized and Edited by
C. Bauer G. Gros H. Bartels
With 191 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York 1980
Professor Dr. CHRISTIAN BAUER
Institut fUr Physiologie, Universitat Regensburg
UniversitiitsstraBe 31, 8400 Regensburg/FRG
Professor Dr. GEROLF GRas
Institut fUr Physiologie, Universitatsklinikum Essen
HufelandstraBe 55, 4300 Essen/FRG
Professor Dr. HEINZ BARTELS
Physiologisches Institut, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
Karl-Wiechert-Allee 9, 3000 Hannover 61/FRG
The organization of the symposium was supported by:
Deutsche F orschungsgemeinschaft,
Freunde der Universitiit Regensburg and
Bayerisches Staatsministerium fUr Unterricht und Kultus.
Cover motive: Artistic drawing of the carbonic anhydrase molecule
showing the substrates CO and H 0 in position as established by X-ray
2 2
diffraction analysis. The figure is based on the results of Dr. K. K. Kannan.
Mr. S. R. Savant, BARC Bombay has kindly drawn the picture and Mr.
Meyerji, BARC has provided the prints.
ISBN -13:978-3-642-67574-4 e-ISBN -13 :978-3-642-67572-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-67572-0
Library of Congress Cataloging in Pnblication Data. Main entry nnder title. Biophysics and
physiology of carbon dioxide. (proceedings in life sciences) Bibliography: p. Includes index. l.
Carbon dioxide in the body. 2. Carbon dioxide transport (physiology). 3. Carbonic anbydrase. I.
Bauer, Christian, 1938-. II. Gros, Gerolf, 1942-. III. Bartels, Heinz, 1920-.
QP535.CIB56.599.01'2. 80-10093.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the
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use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with
the publisher.
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1980.
Soft cover reprint of the hardcover 1a t edition 1980
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws
and regulations and therefore free for general use.
2131/3130·543210
Preface
This volume contains the papers presented at the symposium on
Biophysics and Physiology of Carbon Dioxide held at Regensburg,
April 17-20, 1979. The manuscripts represent the full or even an
extended account of the oral presentations. We have decided not to
include any part of the discussions which took place after the lectures
because this would have led to an undue enlargement of the already
substantial volume.
The symposium brought together some 60 scientists of various
disciplines including biophysicists, chemists, biochemists, physiologists,
pharmacologists, as well as clinicians whose research activities are cen
tered around the various aspects of the reactions and the regulatory
role of CO within the body.
2
In view of the fact that numerous textbooks and Proceedings of
Symposia deal expertly with the role of CO in acid-base balance, it
2
was decided not to include this aspect in the present symposium. This
holds also for the biochemistry of carboxylation and decarboxylation
reactions. Particular emphasis was placed on the following subjects:
(1) Chemical reactions of CO2 in water and facilitated diffusion of CO2,
(2) CO adducts to proteins, in particular hemoglobin, and peptide
2
hormones, (3) structure and function of carbonic anhydrase, (4) CO2
exchange and carbonic anhydrase activity in respiratory and nonrespi
ratory systems. Each section contains at least one introductory paper
that presents the current knowledge in a more general framework.
Two Symposia were already devoted to CO2, the '1unior partner
of oxygen" as Professor F.1 .W. Roughton called it in his introductory
remarks at the fIrst symposium of this kind held in Haverford, Pennsyl·
vania in 1968 which was organized by R.E. Forster, J.T. Edsall, A.B.
Otis, and F.1.W. Roughton 1. We are delighted to note that quite a
few names that already appeared in 1968 are also found in the list of
participants of the present conference. The second meeting on the sub
ject of CO2 was organized by G. Nahas and K.E. Schaefer 2 • It took
1 CO2: Chemical, biochemical and biophysical aspects. Forster RE, Edsall JT,
Otis AB, Roughton FJW (eds) (1969) NASA publication SP-J88
2 Carbon dioxide and metabolic regulations. Nahas G, Schaefer KE (eds)
(1974) Springer, New York Berlin Heidelberg
VI Preface
place in Monaco in 1973 and dealt mainly with the role of CO in the
2
regulation of acid-base balance and organ functions.
The wealth of knowledge which has been accumulated since 1968
convinced us that it would be desirable to have a conference at which
the recent developments in the fields indicated above were taken into
account. It is the advantage of such gatherings that a publication
emerges which in its entirety can be considered as an up-to-date report
on the state of affairs, written by a devoted study group.
The symposium was sponsored by the International Union of
Physiological Sciences (IUPS) and we are grateful to IUPS and to
Dr. E. Agostoni, presently Head of the Commission for Respiratory
Physiology of IUPS, for this sponsorship.
We wish to thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft very
much for its generous financial support. Without this support the sym
posium could not have taken place. Additional funding by the Freunde
der Universitiit RegensbUJ:g and the Bayerisches Staatsrninisterium fUr
Unterricht und Kultus is gratefully acknowledged. Furthermore we
should like to thank Miss G. Wischka for her secretarial assistance and
also the officials of the town of Regensburg who provided a very
pleasant framework.
With great pleasure we acknowledge the readiness of the Springer
Verlag, Heidelberg, to publish the Proceedings of the symposium in full
length and for doing it so swiftly and in such a generous presentation.
Regensburg, Essen, Hannover, February 1980
CHRISTIAN BAUER
GEROLFGROS
HEINZ BARTELS
Contents
Chemical Reactions of CO in Water
2
Chainnan: J .PIIPER
Chemical Reactions of CO2 in Water
W. KNOCHE (With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Facilitated Diffusion of CO
2
Chairman: J. PIIPER
Facilitation of CO Through Layers with a Spatial Distribution
2
of Carbonic Anhydrase
J.s. SCHULTZ (With 7 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
Facilitated Diffusion of CO and Carbonic Anhydrase Activity
2
J.A. QUINN and T.L. DONALDSON (With 8 Figures) . . . . . .. 23
Mechanisms of Facilitated CO and H+ Diffusion in Protein
2
Solutions
G. GROS, H. GROS, D. LAVALETTE, B. AMAND, and
F. POCHON (With 6 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
The Effect of Diffusion Potentials on Facilitated CO Diffusion
2
J.H. MELDON (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
Evidence for Facilitated Transport of CO in Muscle Tissue
2
P. SCHEID, T. KAWASHIRO, and J. PIIPER (With 5 Figures).. 58
Carbamate Reactions of Proteins
Chairman: R.E. FORSTER
The Binding of CO2 to Human Deoxyhemoglobin: An X-Ray
Study Using Low-Salt Crystals
A. ARNONE, P.H. ROGERS, and P.D. BRILEY (With 3 Figures) 67
VIII Contents
The Determination of CO Bound to Hemoglobin as Carbamate
2
M. PERRELLA and L. ROSSI-BERNARDI (With 3 Figures) . .. 75
Phylogeny and Physiological Significance of Oxygen-Linked CO
2
Binding in Hemoglobin
C. BAUER. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... 84
The Carbamate Reaction with Proteins: Observation by 13C-NMR
and Evaluation of Structural Consequences
F.R.N. GURD, J.B. MATTHEW, RJ. WITTEBORT, J.S. MORROW,
and S.H. FRIEND (With 3 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 89
The Measurement of the CO Hb Binding Curve of Human
2
Hemoglobin by 13 C-NMR Spectrometry
O. BURKHARD and W.K.R. BARNIKOL(With 2 Figures) . . .. 102
Formation and Physiological Role of Carbamino Adducts of
Angiotensin, Bradykinin, and S-Methylglucagon
R.S. GURD, R.D. ENGLAND, D.F. HAYES, R.I. WITTEBORT,
and T.M. ROTHGEB (With 4 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 106
Interaction Between Hemoglobins, CO2 and Anions
R. BAUMANN (With 5 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 114
The Influence of CO on the First Binding Constant of Oxygen
2
to Human Hemoglobin Ao
C. POYART, E. BURSAUX, and P. MATZKE (With 5 Figures). 122
Carbonic Anhydrase - Structure and Function
Chairmen: S. LINDSKOG and J .E. COLEMAN
Current Concepts of the Mechanism of Action of Carbonic
Anhydrase
J.E. COLEMAN (With 10 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133
Some Structural Aspects of Carbonic Anhydrase
I. BERTINI, C. LUCHINAT, and A. SCOZZAFAVA
(With 2 Figures) ................................ 151
Primary Structure of Carbonic Anhydrases
L.E. HENDERSON (With 1 Figure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154
Evolution of Structure and Function in the Carbonic Anhydrase
Isozymes of Mammals
R.E. TASHlAN, D. HEWETT-EMMETT, S.K. STROUP,
M. GOODMAN, and Y.-S.L. YU (With 1 Figure) . . . . . . . . . .. 165
Contents IX
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Intact Red Cells as Measured
by Means of 180 Exchange Between CO2 and Water
R.E. FORSTER and N. ITADA (With 3 Figures). . . . . . . . . .. 177
Crystal Structure of Carbonic Anhydrase
K.K. KANNAN (With 15 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184
Kinetics and Mechanistic Implications of CO Hydration
2
Activity of Human Erythrocyte Carbonic Anhydrases
R.G. KHALIFAH (With 8 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 206
Models for Metal Ion Function and Evolution of the Catalytic
Step in Carbonic Anhydrase
P. WOOLLEY (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 216
Consequences of Metal Ion Substitutions in Human Carbonic
Anhydrase B. A Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Comparative Study
R.G. KHALIFAH and P.J. MORLEY (With 3 Figures) . . . . . .. 226
Rate-Limiting Steps in the Catalytic Action of Carbonic
Anhydrase
S. LINDSKOG (With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 230
The pH-Independence of Carbonic Anhydrase Activity:
Apparent pKa Due to Inhibition by HS04"
S.H. KOENIG, R.D. BROWN, III, and G.S. JACOB
(With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 238
Role of Buffer in Catalysis of the Hydration of CO by Carbonic
2
Anhydrase
D.N. SILVERMAN, C.K. TV, and G.C. WYNNS (With 3 Figures) 254
35 Cl and 81 Br Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Carbonic
Anhydrase
R.L. WARD (With 7 Figures) ........................ 262
NMR-Studies of Carbonic Anhydrase
J.M. PESANDO and R.K. GUPTA (With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . .. 273
CO Exchange and Carbonic Anhydrase in Respiratory Systems
2
Chairmen: H.H. LOESCHCKE and E.D. CRANDALL
Cl-and HCO; Movements Across the Red Blood Cell Membrane
R.E. FORSTER, A.L. OBAID, E.D. CRANDALL, and N. ITADA
(With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 285
x
Contents
The Rate Limiting Event in the Depletion of 180 from CO2 in
Red Cell Suspensions
D.N. SILVERMAN and C.K. TU (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . .. 291
Kinetics of CO2 Uptake by Red Cells
R.A.B. HOLLAND (With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 299
Intravascular End-Capillary CO2 -H+ Disequilibrium
E.D. CRANDALL, A. BIDANI, and J.E. O'BRASKY
(With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 306
Changes in pH and Peo2 with Time in Pulmonary Post-Capillary
Blood in Cats
J. PONTE and MJ. PURVES (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . .. 315
Kinetics of Acid-Base Parameters of Blood After Respiratory
and Metabolic Disturbances
A. LUTTMANN, K. MUCKENHOFF, and H.H. LOESCHCKE
(With 6 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 321
Carbonic Anhydrase in Lung Tissue
R.A. KLOCKE (With 3 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 331
Pulmonary Capillary Carbonic Anhydrase
RM. EFFROS, L. SHAPIRO, P. SILVERMAN, and M. LIEBER
(With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 339
Can CO Be Actively Eliminated by the Lungs?
2
G.H. GURTNER and RJ. TRAYSTMAN(With 2 Figures) .... 343
Experimental Results on Gas-Blood CO2 Equilibrium in Lungs
J. PIIPER, M. MEYER, and P. SCHEID ................. 351
Intracapillary CO2 Gradients
R.M. EFFROS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 353
Contribution of Red Cell-Plasma H+ Disequilibrium to
Alveolar-Blood PC02 Differences During Rebreathing
E.D. CRANDALL and A. BIDANI (With 2 Figures). . . . . . . .. 356
Diffusion Limitation in Alveolar-Capillary CO2 Transfer in Human
Lungs: Experimental Evidence from Rebreathing Equilibration
J. PIIPER, M. MEYER, and P. SCHEID ................. 359
Physiological Consequences of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition
During Rest and Exercise, and on the Bohr Effect
T.H. MAREN and E.R. SWENSON (With 3 Figures). . . . . . . .. 366
Contents XI
CO Transport and Carbonic Anhydrase in Placenta, Muscle and
2
Calcium-Mobilizing Tissues. Localization of Carbonic Anhydrase
Chairman: C. ALBERS
Placental CO Exchange
2
E.P. HILL and L.D. LONGO (With 6 Figures) ............. 379
Transfer of Bicarbonate in a Hemochorial Placenta
W. MOLL, E. KASTENDIECK, and H. GIRARD (With 8 Figures) 390
Recent Developments in Carbonic Anhydrase Localization:
Occurrence of Carbonic Anhydrase in Calcium-Mobilizing Tissues
C.V. GAY .................................... 399
Arguments for and Against the Histochemical Carbonic
Anhydrase Test
O. LEDER (With 1 Figure) ......................... 406
Activity and Properties of Carbonic Anhydrase in Striated
Muscle
G. GROS, W. SIFFERT, and A. SCHMID (With 3 Figures) . . .. 410
CO Transport and Carbonic Anhydrase in Kidney and Brain
2
Chairman: C. ALBERS
Significance of Carbonic Anhydrase for HCOl" Absorption and
H+ Secretion in Renal Tubules
E. FROMTER (With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 419
Formation and Ionic Composition of Cerebrospinal Fluid:
The Role of Carbonic Anhydrase
T H. MAREN and B.P. VOGH (With 6 Figures) ............ 426
Autoregulation of CSF H+ Activity
GH. GURTNER, H.M. MAKHZOUMI, and R.J. TRAYSTMAN
(With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 436
Transients and Steady State of Chloride-Bicarbonate
Relationships of Brain Extra-Cellular Fluid
H.H. LOESCHCKE and H.R. AHMAD (With 4 Figures) . . . . .. 439
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 449
List of Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 455