Table Of ContentMembers of the Organizing Committee
N. Cohanim
M. Edjehadi
T. Fakouhi
S.S. Jahromi
E. Meisami
A. Movassaghi
A. Nahapetian
G. Nayeri
M. Salimi
M. Tabatabai
M. Morad
Proceedings of the Cardiac Muscle Symposium
(May 14-16, 1977, Shiraz, Iran)
Sponsored by
Special Bureau of Her Imperial Majesty, the Shahbanou of Iran
Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology
Pahlavi University
Iranian Ministry of Science and Higher Education
Biophysical Aspects
of Cardiac Muscle
Edited by
Martin Morad
Department of Physiology
School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Symposium Coorganizer
Mahmood Tabatabai
Department of Physiology
School of Medicine
Pahlavi University
Shiraz, Iran
Assistant Editor
Susan Smith
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Ä>)
Academic Press New York San Francisco London 1978
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
ACADEMIC PRESS RAPID MANUSCRIPT REPRODUCTION
COPYRIGHT © 1978, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC
OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY
INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT
PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Cardiac Muscle Symposium, Pahlavi University, 1977.
Biophysical aspects of cardiac muscle.
1. Heart—Muscle—Congresses. 2. Action
potentials (Electrophysiology—Congresses). I. Morad,
Martin. II. Tabatabai, Mahmood. III. Title. [DNLM:
1. Myocardium—Congresses. 2. Heart—Physiology-
Congresses. WG280B615 1977]
QP113.2.C371977 596,.0Γ16 78-17025
ISBN 0-12-506150-1
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Dedicated to the
Noble Persian Heritage
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
Adrian, R. H. (45, 91), Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge CB2 3EG,
England
Armstrong, C. M. (27, 75), Department of Physiology, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Baer, M. (129), Department of Pharmacology, University of Bern,
Friedbuhlstrasse 49 30008 Bern, Switzerland
Baylor, S. M. (207), Department of Physiology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Best, P. M. (129), Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois
Bezanilla, F. (229), Department of Physiology and the Brain Research Institute,
University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
Blood, B. E. (369, 379), University Laboratory of Physiology, Oxford
University, Oxford, England
Carmeliet, E. (143), Laboratory of Physiology, Campus Grasthuisberg, 3000
Leuven, Belgium
Chandler, W. K. (31, 207), Department of Physiology, Yale University School
of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Cleemann, L. (153), Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, Wisconsin
xi
je« List of Contributors
Endo, M. (307), Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of
Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980, Japan
Gilly, W. F. (31), Department of Physiology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Hille, B. (55), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of
Washington, SJ-40, Seattle, Washington
Hui, C. S. (31), Department of Physiology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Huxley, A. F. (3), Department of Physiology, University College London,
London, England
Ildefonse, M. (273), Laboratoire de Physiologie des Elements Excitables,
Universite Claude Bernard, F69621, Villeurbanne, France
Kass, R. S. (345), Department of Physiology, University of Rochester School of
Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
Kitazawa, T. (307), Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of
Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980, Japan
Klitzner, T. (285), Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
McClellan, G. B. (329), Department of Physiology, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
McNaughton, P. A. (107), Physiological Laboratory, Downing Street,
Cambridge
Morad, M. (153, 285), Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Noble, D. (369), University Laboratory of Physiology, Oxford University,
Oxford, England
Page, S. (383), Department of Biophysics, University College London, Gower,
Street, London WCIE 6BT, England
List of Contributors xiu
Peachey, L. D. (187, 191), Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Reuter, H. (129), Department of Pharmacology, University of Bern,
Friedbuhlstrasse 49 3008 Bern, Switzerland
Roche, M. (273), Laboratoire de Physiologie des Elements Excitables,
Universite Claude Bernard, F69621, Villeurbanne, France
Rougier, O. (273), Laboratoire de Physiologie des Elements Excitables,
Universite Claude Bernard, F69621, Villeurbanne, France
Rudel, R. (255), Physiologisches Institut der Technischen Universität,
Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-8000 Müchen 40, Federal Republic of Germany
Tsien, R. W. (345), Department of Physiology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Vergara, J. (229), Department of Physiology and the Brain Research Institute,
University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
Weingart, R. (345), Physiological Institute, University of Bern,
Friedbuhlstrasse 49 3008 Bern, Switzerland
Winegrad, S. (329), Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Foreword
It has been some 25 years since I had the privilege of visiting or contributing to
the advancement of science in my native country. The idea for a cardiac muscle
symposium was first discussed five years ago when Dr. Tabatabai visited my lab
at the University of Pennsylvania. Though the idea for a scientific gathering was
welcomed by all who were approached, the topic, the timing, and the financial
sponsor for such a major undertaking ran into many obstacles. Finally, through
the efforts of many individuals, the sponsoring organizations and the location
were found so that the first cardiac muscle symposium could be held. The sym
posium was held in Shiraz under the auspices of her Imperial Majesty, the
Shahbanou of Iran, the Ministry of Health and Higher Education, the Iranian
Society of Physiology and Pharmacology and the Pahlavi University. I should
like to express my personal gratitude to his excellency Dr. Motamedi, Chancel
lor Farhang Mehr, and Drs. Movassaghi, Meisami, and Rostami for their per
sonal efforts on behalf of the symposium. It fell to Dr. Tabatabai, the co-
organizer of the symposium and his colleagues at Pahlavi University to arrange
for the taping of the proceedings and the accommodations of the visiting scien
tists. I shall always be grateful for his efforts to make the stay of our visiting
scientists so joyous and unforgettable. Special thanks go to Miss Linda Loupe
and Ms. Susan Smith, for transcribing and editing the tapes of the symposium
proceedings, and to Ms. Linda Baird for typing the manuscripts.
There are two opposing thoughts as to whether the proceedings of a scientific
symposium should be published. One holds that the freedom of the scientific
presentations and discussions is stifled because the participants are aware that
every word or idea uttered is being recorded. Another thought, though conceding
to this criticism, maintains that the teaching benefits and wide exposure of pub
lished proceedings of the symposium far outweigh this minor reservation. In
deciding to publish the proceedings of this symposium, I was persuaded by the
latter argument and by the fact that young Iranian scientists and students who are
JCV
JCVI Foreword
trying to keep abreast of the new scientific development, despite fairly difficult
academic conditions, would have an easily obtainable reference source for their
scientific quests. On a more personal scale, the organization of this symposium
and the publication of its proceedings represent my own confirmation of the love,
honor, and gratitude that I have felt for about 25 years from afar for the country
of my birth.
The high scientific standard of the participating scientists and high quality of
their contributions were in keeping with the Persian scientific and literary heri
tage. The gathering of international scientists to discuss medical problems seems
to have been an ancient Persian tradition. In fact, the first medical congress of
Greek, Chinese, Indian, and Persian scholars gathered to discuss medical prob
lems about the fourth century AD. in Jundi Shapur, not very far from the location
of this cardiac symposium.
In such a rich tradition of scientific and literary achievement, the proceedings
of this symposium serve as a minor reminder to the continuance of the thread of
scientific tradition and contribution throughout the last 2000 years of Persian
history.
The romance of the Persian environment, the joy of newfound Iranian friends,
the excitement of scientific discussions were best summed by Dr. Richard Ad
rian's concluding comments. I should like to quote from the last segment of his
talk. Dr. Adrian reminded us of the trip of Sir Thomas Herbert who visited
Shiraz in 1627, 60 years before the foundation of Harvard and a good many years
before the foundation of the Royal Society of London.
Herbert found Iran wise in civilization and in science, especially medicine. He described
Shiraz as defended by nature, enriched by trade, and by art made lovely. He found here (Shiraz)
a college wherein was read philosophy, medicine, chemistry, and mathematics. He noted also
the poetry, the wine, the gardens, and the great joy of citizens of Shiraz. So well was Herbert
entertained in Shiraz that he feared his virtue might be overcome by his pleasures. We too have
been marvelously well looked after, and we too have found in Shiraz a flourishing medical
school. And if I cannot find his poetic words to describe all our pleasures, I can at least echo
Herbert when he said that on leaving Shiraz he felt as if he were leaving paradise. Speaking quite
selfishly, I have learned an immense amount about what my colleagues are doing. Of course this
is always the first thing that a scientific meeting should do. Beyond that, however, I believe that
this meeting has been an extremely good example of the way progress in science is achieved.
Sometimes that progress is not immediately visible. Our experiments and confusions show
how far uncertainties and hesitations and even disagreements always precede the acquisition
of sure knowledge. But perhaps more important than that, we have had the opportunity of
meeting Iranian colleagues, physiologists, and pharmacologists. This is the first step which
must precede scientific collaboration. Successful scientific endeavor begins and should end in
friendship. To our many new friends in Iran, I would like to say from all of us thank you for
asking us and thank you for listening to us. We all hope that these new friendships will lead
to new scientific progress.
It is in the spirit of these comments that I prevailed upon my friends and col
leagues to put this book together and collected all the detailed discussions and the
Foreword χνιι
photographic vignettes. I hope the book will serve to remind us and those who
will follow us that we belong to an international community whose common
bonds are scientific creativity and excellence and whose goal is to improve the
quality of human life.
M. Morad
Blachheep Farm
Newton Square, Pennsylvania
