Biopesticides: Use and Delivery

618 Pages·1999·57.508 MB·English

by  Julius J. Menn, Franklin R. Hall (auth.), Franklin R. Hall, Julius J. Menn (eds.)

Biopesticides
METHODS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY’”
John M. Walker, SERIEESD ITOR
12 EnvironmentalM onitoring of Bacteria,e dited by CloveE dwards, 1999
11 AqueousT wo-PhaseS ystemse,d ited by Rap Hattl-Kuul, 1999
10. CarbohydrateB iotechnologyP rotocolse, dited by Chrrstopher Bucke, 1999
9. DownstreamP rocessingM ethods,e dited by Mohamed LIesal, 1999
8 Animal Cell Biotechnologye,d lted by Nlgel Jenkms, 1999
7. Affinity BiosensorsT: echniques and Protocols, edlted by Km R Rogers
and Ashok Mulchandanr, 1998
6. Enzymea nd Microbial BiosensorsT: echniques and Protocols, edlted by
Ashok Mulchandam and Kern R Rogers, 1998
5. BiopesticidesU: se and Delivery, edited by Frankhn R. Hall and Julius J. Menn, 1999
4. Natural ProductsI solation, edited by Rxhard J P Cunnell, 1998
3. RecombinanPt roteinsf rom Plants:P rod&on and Isolation of Clinically Useful
Compounds, edited by Charles Cunmngham and Andrew J R Porter, 1998
2. BioremediationP rotocolse, dited by David Sheehan, 1997
1 Immobilizationo f Enzymeasn d Cells, edited by Gordon F Blckerstafi 1997
Biopesticides
Use and Delivery
Edited by
Franklin R. Hall
Ohio State Unwersity, Wooster, OH
and
Julius J. Menn
Excipula, Inc , Highland, MD
Humana Press Totowa, New Jersey
0 1999 Humana Press Inc
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Covet lllustratlon Fig I A m Chapter I6 “Naturally Occurrmg Baculovlruses for Insect Pest Control,” by
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Library of Congress Cataloging m Pubhcatlon Data
Mam entry under title
Methods In biotechnology’*
Blopesttcldes use and dellvery/edlted by Franklm R Hall and Juhus J Menn
P cm --(Methods In biotechnology, 5)
Includes Index
ISBN O-89603-5 15-8 (alk paper)
I Natural pestlctdes 2 BIologIcal pest control agents 3 Agrrcultural pests-Blologtcal control
1 Hall, Franklin R II Menn, Juhus J III Series
SB95l I45 M37B56 1998
632’ 954~2 I 98-25118
CIP
Preface
It was our intention and goal to bring together m Biopestzcides Use and
Delavery the latest advances in the science and technology of the evolving
field of biopesticides In the context of crop protectton, btopesttcides are a
key component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs, m which
biopesticides are delivered to crops m inundative quantities, vs the mocula-
tive approach, which is charactertstic of classical biological control. Although
there are several definitions of biopesttcides m the literature, we chose to
define them as either microbials themselves or products derived from
microbials, plants, and other biological entities.
In the developed, industrial countries, primarily in Western Europe and
the United States, biopesticides are receiving more practical attention, smce
they are viewed as a means to reduce the load of synthetic chemical pestt-
tides m an effort to provide for safer foods and a cleaner envtronment. In the
developing countries, biopestictdes are viewed as having the potential to ex-
ploit nattve resources to produce crop protection agents that would replace
imported chemical pesticides and conserve much-needed hard currencies
These trends are well represented by the dynamic growth of engineered crops
expressing the delta-endotoxm insecticidal protem crystals of Bacillus
thuringzenszs (B.t ) m corn, cotton, and potatoes and the development of re-
combinant B.t.s and biopesticides as key crop protection agents against such
pests as the soybean caterpillar, which is effectively controlled by a nuclear
polyhedrous virus m Brazil, the use of neem extracts m East Africa and India,
and various botamcals m East Africa and South America.
The btopesticide market is expected to grow at a rate of 10% per year vs
l--2% for chemical pesticides. The current biopesticide market IS estimated at
$500 million worldwtde At the projected rate of growth, the sales volume
~111 double by the year 2007. It is likely that major breakthroughs m
biopesticide technology ~111f urther increase the rate of growth of biopesttcide
usage A pertinent example mvolves the efforts by several multmattonal com-
panies to produce baculoviruses m deep fermentation Success m this area
could provide a major boost to the mcorporation of baculoviruses as major
crop protection agents m the biopesticide armamentarmm.
V
VI Preface
We do not view biopesticides as replacements for chemtcal pesticides
on major crops Biopesticides, viewed realistically, will most likely find uses
as supplements to chemical pesticrdes and as rotation agents m early season
on major crops to retard the onset of resistance. Other uses that will increase
the acceptance of biopesticides ~111b e m IPM programs on minor crops and
niche markets
We have mvrted leading experts m the btopesticide field to contribute
comprehensive chapters on mode of action, development, productron, dehv-
ery systems (formulations), and market prospects for the future. In addition,
we invited registration experts from both government and industry to review
current registration requirements, time frames, and costs of registration and
compare them with registration requirements of conventtonal pesticides. We
also have contributions describing momtormg procedures and management
of resistance of pests to biopesticides.
It is our goal that this volume will serve as the current, most comprehen-
sive treatise on the rapidly emerging field of btopesttcides and a useful
resource for practitioners, students, regulators, and mdustrial planners and
marketers.
Franklin R. Hall
Julius J. Menn
Contents
Preface . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.,,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , V
Lrst of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .., XI
1 Biopesticides. Present Status and Future Prospects
Julius J. Menn and Franklin R. Hall.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
PART I PROJECTIONS ON OPPORTUNITIES FOR BIOPESTICIDES
IN CROP PROTECTION . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . I1
2 The North American Scenario
Jerry Caulder . . . . *. . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3 Microbial Bropesticides: The European Scene
Tariq M. Butt, John G. Harris, and Keith A. Powell. . . . . . . ..*.... . . . 23
4 Developing Countries
Balasobramanyan Sugavanam and Xie Tianjian . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 45
5 Pesticide Policy influences on Biopesticide Technologies
Noel D. llri . . . .,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
PART I I. BIOFUNGICIDES . . . .. . .. . . .. , . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 75
6 Commercral Development of Brofungicides
Rafael Hofstein and Andrew C. Chapple . . ..* ,. . 77
7 Biological Control of Seedlrng Diseases
K. Prakesh Hebbar and Robert D. Lumsden . . . . . 103
8 Joint Action of Microbials for Disease Control
Claude Alabouvette and Philippe Lemanceau . . . . . . 117
PART II I BIOINSECTICIDES . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . 137
9 Neem and Related Natural Products
Murray B. lsman . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
10 Commercial Experience with Neem Products
James F. Walter . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . 155
11 Fermentation-Derived Insecticide Control Agents The Spinosyns
Thomas C. Sparks, Gary D. Thompson, Herbert A. Kirst,
Mark B. Hertlein, Jon S. Mynderse, Jan R. Turner,
and Thomas V. Worden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
12 Baa//us thunng/ensis. Natural and Recombinant Bllomsecticide Products
James A. Baum, T. B. Johnson, and Bruce C. Carlton . . . . . . . . 189
vii
*.,
Contents
VIII
13 Transgenrc Plants Expressing Toxms from Bacillus thuringrems
Jonnie N. Jenkins . . . . . . , . 211
14 Production, Delivery, and Use of Mycoinsectrcides for Control
of Insect Pests on Field Crops
Steven P. Wraigt and Raymond 1. Carruthers . . 233
15 Entomopathogemc Nematodes
Parwinder Grewal and Ramon Georgis . . . . . , 271
16 Naturally Occurring Baculovrruses for Insect Pest Control
Brian A. Federici . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
17 Recombinant Baculoiviruses
Michael F. Treaty . .,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .*.. . 321
18 Joint Actron of Baculoviruses and Other Control Agents
William F. McCutchen and Lindsey Flexner . . . . . . . . ,.. . . . . 34 1
PART IV BIOHERBICIDES . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . , .. . .. .,.,. 357
19 Mycoherbrcrdes
Alice L. Pilgeram and David C. Sands . . . . . . 359
20 Formulation and Application of Plant Pathogens
for Brologrcal Weed Control
Nina K. Zidack and Paul C. Quimby . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
PART V OTHER BIORATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES . . . 383
21 Phereomones for Insect Control. Strategies and Successes
D. R. Thomson, L. J. Gut, and J. W. Jenkins . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
PART VI REGISTRATION OF B!OPESTICIDES ,..... ..,. . , , . . . . . ., 473
22 The Federal Registratron Process and Requirements
for the United States
J. Thomas McClintock , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 415
23 IR-4 Bropestrcrde Program for Minor Crops
Christina L. Hartman and George M. Markle . , 443
24 RegistratrorYRegulatory Requirements In Europe
Mike Neale and Phil Newton . . 453
25 Environmental and Regulatory Aspects, industry Wew and Approach
Joseph D. Panetta , . . 473
PART VII MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLS . . .. . . . 485
26 Formulatrons of Biopesticides
Susan M. Boyetchko, Eric Pedersen, Zamir K. Punja,
and Munagala S. Reddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., , . . . . . 487
27 Delivery Systems and Protocols for Biopesticides
Roy Bateman . . . . .,.* . . *. . . . . . . .* . . . ,.. ,. . . 509
Contents ix
28 Analysis, Momtormg, and Some Regulatory Implications
Jack R. Piimmer . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . *.*,... 529
29 Principles of Dose Aquisitlon for Bioinsecticides
Hugh F. Evans, .., ..*... . . . ...* . . . . . . . . . . . .* * . . . . . . 553
30 Strategies for Resistance Management
Richard T. Roush . . . . , . , . . . , . . .., . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
31 Field Management’ Delivery of New Technologies to Growers
Mark E. Whalon and Deborah L. Norris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Index . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .*... ..* 609
Contributors
CLAUDE ALABOUVETTE Laboratoire de Recherches SUPla Flare pathogene
l
duns le Sol, Doon, France
ROY BATEMAN International Institute of Biologtcal Control, Ascot, UK
l
JAMES A. BAUM Ecogen, Inc., Langhorne, PA
l
SUSAN M. BOYETCHKO Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon,
l
Canada
TARIQ M. BUTT IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, UK
l
BRUCE C. CARLTON New Jersey Agrtcultural Experimental Statton, Cook
l
College, Rutgers Untversity, New Brunswick, NJ
RAYMOND I. CARRUTHERS National Program Stag USDA/ARS, Beltsvtlle,
l
MD
JERRY CAULDER Mycogen Corporation, San Dtego, CA
l
ANDREW CHAPPLE Ecogen, Inc., Langhorne, PA
l
HUGH F EVANS Forestry Commtsston Research Agency, Wreccleshan, UK
l
BRIAN A. FEDERICI Department of Entomology and Interdepartmental
l
Graduate Program tn Genetics, University of California, Riverside, CA
LINDSEY FLEXNER DuPont Agricultural Research Center, Newark, DE
l
RAMON GEORGIS Therm0 Trtlogy Corp., Columbta, MD
l
PARWINDER GREWAL Department of Entomology, Ohio State Untverstty,
l
Wooster, OH
L. J. GUT Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East
l
Lanstng, MI
FRANKLIN R. HALL Ohto State University. Wooster, OH
l
JOHN G. HARRIS Zeneca Agrochemicals, Bracknell, UK
l
CHRISTINA L. HARTMAN IR-4 Biopesticide Coordinator, Rutgers, The State
l
Untverstty of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ Present Address.
Agricultural Products Research Division, American Cyanamid Co ,
Princeton, NJ
K. PRAKESH HEBBAR USDA/ARS, Beltsvtlle, MD
l
MARK B. HERTLEIN DowElanco Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN
l
RAPHAEL HOFSTEIN Ecogen, Inc., Langhorne, PA
l
MURRAY B. ISMAN Department of Plant Science, University of Brtttsh
l
Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
xi