Biometrics under Biomedical Considerations

286 Pages·2019·14.182 MB·English

by  Amine Nait-Ali

Series in BioEngineering
Amine Nait-Ali   Editor
Biometrics
under
Biomedical
Considerations
Series in BioEngineering
The Series in Bioengineering serves as an information source for a professional
audience in science and technology as well as for advanced students. It covers all
applications of the physical sciences and technology to medicine and the life
sciences.Itsscoperangesfrombioengineering,biomedicalandclinicalengineering
to biophysics, biomechanics, biomaterials, and bioinformatics.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10358
Amine Nait-Ali
Editor
Biometrics under Biomedical
Considerations
123
Editor
AmineNait-Ali
Laboratoire Images,Signaux etSystèmes
Intelligents
University Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC)
Vitry-sur-Seine, France
ISSN 2196-8861 ISSN 2196-887X (electronic)
Series in BioEngineering
ISBN978-981-13-1143-7 ISBN978-981-13-1144-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1144-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018957673
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Preface
In general terms, Biometrics can be defined as a technology which recognizes
individualsbytheirphysicalorbehaviouralcharacteristics.Thiscommondefinition
isoftenemployedbyconsideringBiometricsasasecuritysolutiontodealwiththe
identification or verification of individuals. However, one can raise the following
question: Is there a reason to specifically use the term “Biometrics” within this
context?Probably,theanswerwouldbeayes.Nowadays,Biometrictechnologyis
not restricted to law enforcement or government departments by identifying
criminals or by controlling borders, but it is also accessible and used in almost
everydaylife.Itallowsamoresecureaccessaswellasmakingourlifeeasier.Due
to the fact that Biometric systems are commonly integrated into general purpose
devices such as smartphones and computers, the attitude of the general public has
changed towards them because it has become more acceptable. In addition, com-
mercialBiometricindustryisstillgrowingandiscontinuallybeinginnovated,soit
is not surprising the conventional metal key and passwords will not be used any-
more as we know it today. In fact, Biometrics has been integrated into many
products to make them smart, simple, and secure. Consequently, this has certainly
had an impact onthe way the term Biometrics isemployed. Withinthis context,if
an average person on the street is asked about their knowledge on biometrics, the
answer can roughly range from a collection of keywords such as security, finger-
print, voice recognition to face recognition. However, Biometrics does not
explicitly refer to security; there are many scientific communities that deal with
Biometricsfromastatisticalpointofviewmainlybecauseitconsiderstheanalysis
and the study of measurable biological characteristics applied in fields such as
agriculture and medicine. Furthermore, the term Biometrics once split into two
halves, “Bio” and “Metrics”, each half then highlights a clear and a significant
meaning whereby “Bio” refers to “Biology” and “Metrics” refers to
“Measurement”. Therefore, if one achieves a measurement on any living being, it
canbealsoconsideredasBiometricswhicheverthepurposeoftheapplicationfield
is, and this includes security, medicine and healthcare, sport, gaming, and agri-
cultural botanical or veterinary sciences.
v
vi Preface
This book highlights an aspect of the “Philosophy” discussed above. The main
purposeistoconnectBiometricstoBiomedicalengineeringfromdifferentpointof
views, including providing an overview on the different applications used in this
field.Thisbookalsoexplainsthebordersbetween bothfields.Itprovidesaclearer
understandingofsomegreyareasbygivingaclear-cutdistinctionbetweenthetwo
fields. For example, Biometrics such as in security Biometrics may require some
biomedicalknowledgeandpriorinformationtoreachthefinaldecisionprovidedby
biometricsystems.Incontrast,somebiomedicalengineeringapplicationsmayshare
a scheme almost as similar as the one used for security Biometrics except that the
purpose of the last block of the generic scheme is to identify specific pathologies
ratherthanaperson’sidentity.Insomeothersituations,BiometricsandBiomedical
engineering may complement each other leading to some specific and useful
applications. In conclusion, Biometrics has significantly evolved over the last
decades, so its terminology should correspond to the pace in order to prevent any
confusion or misinterpretation. For instance, terminologies such as medical
Biometrics,securityBiometrics,sportBiometrics,andgamingBiometricsoughtto
be used to clearly define the purpose of each application.
The book contains thirteen chapters in which five sections are addressed,
including the influence of pathologies on some security Biometric modalities like
face, iris, and fingerprint identification, medical and security biometrics, and
behavioural biometrics. Finally, instrumentation wearable technologies and imag-
ing and some case studies are presented in the last chapters.
Entitled,BiometricsunderBiomedical Considerations,thebookisorganizedas
follows:
Chapter “Influence of Skin Diseases on Fingerprints”. This chapter deals with
fingerprintmodalityfromabiomedicalpointofview.Inparticular,itconsidersthe
cases where a user’s fingers suffer from a dermatologic disease leading to damage
of ridges. Such situations have a negative impact on both identification and veri-
fication processes.
Chapter “Iris Recognition in Cases of Eye Pathology”. The purpose of this
chapter is toprovide an insight into iris recognition system performances for users
suffering from some ocular pathologies. Such situations are analysed in terms of
influences, and possible means are discussed to take this case into account during
the phase of iris samples matching.
Chapter “Facial Rejuvenation Modeling”. Face modelling is discussed in this
chapter. It describes the process of normal facial growth trajectory within the cat-
egoriesofdifferent age groups. The de-ageingstudy isbased ona 2D genericface
model highlighted by providing numerous illustrations showing digital face reju-
venation from adulthood to childhood appearance. At the end of this chapter, an
extension of a 3D generic model is proposed.
Chapter“FacialAgeingModeling”.Inthischapter,facialbiometricsisdiscussed
fromtheageingpointofview.Bothgeometricalandtexturalaspectsarediscussed.
This challenging biometrics can be useful in numerous applications, including
security, biomedical engineering, plastic surgery, and forensics.
Preface vii
Chapter “Lifestyle Facial Ageing Models”. This chapter is an extension of the
previous chapter whereby digital face ageing is explained by taking into account
lifestyle factors. The objective is to be able to predict the biometric facial
appearancebyincludingsomepriorandbehaviouralinformationlikeaddictionsof
some drugs, alcohol, and smoking.
Chapter “3D Face Analysis for Healthcare”. It describes 3D face acquisition
aspects and protocols. It discusses computer-aided three-dimensional face biomet-
rics in health for surgery, prosthesis, ophthalmology, dermatology, and cosmetics
purposes.
Chapter “Facial Biometrics: From Security to Biomedical Applications”. The
aim of this chapter is to bridge the gap between classical facial recognition
approaches which are commonly considered for identification or verification, i.e.
securityapplicationswithsomeextendedoradjustedsystemsrelatedtoBiomedical
engineering field.
Chapter“EyeMovementAnalysisinBiometrics”.Inthischapter,eyemovement
inbiometricsisaddressed.Anoverviewofacquisitionaspectsandapplicationsare
discussed, and it considers using this behavioural modality for recognition
purposes.
Chapter “Biometric Legged Locomotion Fundamentals”. This chapter can be
classified into the category of behavioural Biometrics. The general purpose
approach is to either analyse and identify pathologies oridentify individuals from
their gait ground reaction force signals. Based on a classical biometric scheme,
acquisition, analysis, preprocessing, and feature extraction are discussed.
Chapter “Wearable Technologies in Biomedical and Biometric Applications”.
Thepurposeofthischapteristodiscussthechallengingandemergingtechnology,
namely “wearable technology”. Based on bio-signal acquisition, numerous appli-
cations in biomedical and biometrics are discussed. After highlighting some
available systems in the market, the chapter focuses on a particular technology
using an armband. Biometrics is then considered from different points of view.
Chapter“BiometricsfromCellularImaging”.Inthischapter,cellularimagingis
considered from medical Biometrics of cells. In particular, the chapter brings
together different aspects of the cellular imaging from microscopy to cell biology,
and from image processing to genomics.
Chapter “Medical Devices Design: Vital Sign Monitoring Case Study”. It pre-
sents the proof of the concept of vital signs monitoring devices designed and
conceived in laboratories. These types of designs can be used or adjusted in many
applications related to Biometrics such as in medical Biometrics, clinical
Biometrics, and for bio-signals authentication purpose.
Chapter “From Medical to Security Biometrics: Some Case Studies”. This
chapterfocusesonsomestudycasesinvolvingmedicalimageprocessing.Thefirst
case study specifically describes one kind of medical Biometrics applied to mam-
mography images. The same concept is then extended to security Biometrics par-
ticularly on hidden Biometrics.
viii Preface
This book has been edited thanks to the efforts of a number of international
researchers working in both Biometrics and Biomedical engineering fields. It is
suitableforfinal-yearundergraduatestudents,postgraduatestudents,engineers,and
researchers in the field of computer engineering, information technology,
Biometrics, Biomedical engineering and applied digital signal and image
processing.
Vitry-sur-Seine, France Prof. Dr. Amine Nait-Ali
Contents
Influence of Skin Diseases on Fingerprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Martin Drahanský and Ondřej Kanich
Iris Recognition in Cases of Eye Pathology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Mateusz Trokielewicz, Adam Czajka and Piotr Maciejewicz
Facial Rejuvenation Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Elham Farazdaghi, F. Majidzadeh and Amine Nait-Ali
Facial Ageing Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Farnaz Majid Zadeh Heravi, Elham Farazdaghi and Amine Nait-Ali
Lifestyle Facial Ageing Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Elham Farazdaghi, Farnaz Majid Zadeh Heravi and Amine Nait-Ali
3D Face Analysis for Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Guillaume Stern, Zehua Fu and Mohsen Ardabilian
Facial Biometrics: From Security to Biomedical Applications . . . . . . . . 161
Amine Nait-Ali
Eye Movement Analysis in Biometrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Chiara Galdi and Michele Nappi
Biometric Legged Locomotion Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Rami Alkhatib, Mohamed Diab, Christophe Corbier
and Mohamed El Badaoui
Wearable Technologies in Biomedical and Biometric Applications. . . . . 211
Sherif Said, Samer Al Kork and Amine Nait-Ali
ix