Biometrics: Personal Identification in Networked Society

422 Pages·1999·6.89 MB·English

by  Anil K. Jain

BIOMETRICS
Personal Identification
in Networked Society
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN ENGINEERING
AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
~
BIOMETRICS
Person a1 Iden tification
in Networked Society
edited by
Anil K. Jain
Michigan State University
E. Lansing, Michigan
and
Ruud Bolle and Sharath Pankanti
IBM, T.J. Watson Research Center
Yorktown Heights, New York
Kluwer Academic Publishers
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
eBook ISBN: 0-306-47044-6
Print ISBN: 0-792-38345-1
©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
All rights reserved
No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher
Created in the United States of America
Visit Kluwer Online at: http://www.kluweronline.com
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Contents
Foreword vii
Preface ix
1. Introduction to biometrics
A. K. Jain, R. Bolle, and S. Pankanti 1
2. Fingerprint verification
L. O’Gorman 43
3. Face recognition
J. Weng and D. L. Swets 65
4. Hand geometry based verification
R. Zunkel 87
5. Recognizing persons by their Iris patterns
J. Daugman 103
6. Retina identification
R. Hill 123
7. Automatic on-line signature verification
V. Nalwa 143
8. Speaker recognition
J. Campbell 165
9. Infrared identification of faces and body parts
F. J. Prokoski and R. Riedel 191
10. Keystroke dynamics based authentication
M. S. Obaidat and B. Sadoun 213
1 1. Automatic gait recognition
M. S. Nixon, J. N. Carter, D. Cunado, P.S. Huang, and S. V. Stevenage 23 1
12. Objective odour measurements
K. C. Persaud, D-H. Lee, and H-G. Byun 251
13. Ear biometrics
M. Burge and W. Burger 273
14. DNA based identification
N. Rudin, K. Inman, G. Stolovizky, and I. Rigoutsos 287
15. Large scale systems
R. Germain 311
16. Multimodal biometrics
L. Hong and A. Jain 327
17. Technicalt esting and evaluation of biometric identification devices
J. L. Wayman 345
vi Biometrics
18. Smartcard based authentication
N. K. Ratha and R. Bolle 369
19. Biometrics: Identifying law and policy concerns
J. Woodward 385
Index 407
Foreword
The need to authenticate ourselves to machines is ever increasing in today’s
networked society and is necessary to close the air gap between man and machine to
secure our transactions and networks. Only biometrics (automatically recognizing a
person using distinguishing traits) can recognize you as you.
This first book on biometrics advances the science of biometrics by laying a
foundation and theoretical framework in contributed chapters by leading experts from
industry and academia. Biometric technology has advanced tremendously over the last
few years and has moved from research labs and Hollywood to real-world
applications. Like any technology with commercial applications, it has been difficult,
until now, to assess the state of the art in biometrics in the open literature.
As Mark Twain said, “First get your facts; then you can distort them at your
leisure.” We are moving away from the Twain era of evaluation to the science of
evaluation with a chapter on scientifically based performance evaluation.
Understanding the performance of biometric systems in various real-world situations
is key to their application.
Most of today’s major biometric technologies are represented here by chapters on
face, fingerprint, and speaker recognition, among others. In keeping with the
networked society theme of this book, included are chapters on systems, networking,
related technologies, and privacy issues. After the benefits of biometrics exceed their
cost and their performance is understood, social, legal, and ethical issues are crucial to
society’s accepting the ubiquitous application of biometrics. This book encompasses
all these aspects of biometrics, which are introduced by the editors.
Joseph P. Campbell, Jr.
Chair, Biometric Consortium, 1994-1998
http://www.biometric.orgl
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Determining the identity of a person is becoming critical in our vastly interconnected
information society. As increasing number of biometrics-based identification systems
are being deployed for many civilian and forensic applications, biometrics and its
applications have evoked considerable interest. The current state of affairs is that the
technical and technological literature about the overall state-of-the-art in biometrics is
dispersed across a wide spectrum of books, journals, and conference proceedings. As
biometrics emerges as a multi-billion dollar industry, there is a growing need for a
comprehensive, consolidated, fair, and accessible overview of the biometrics
technology and its implications to society from well-reputed information sources.
This edited book is an attempt to disseminate the technological aspects and
implications of biometrics. In particular, this book addresses the following needs.
Survey the biometrics methods in commercial use and in research stage.
Assess the capabilities and limitations of different biometrics.
Understand the general principles of design of biometric systems and the
underlying trade-offs.
Understand the issues underlying the design of biometric systems.
Identify issues in the realistic evaluation of biometrics-based systems.
To recognize personal privacy and security implications of biometrics-based
•
identification technology.
To nurture synergies of biometric technology with the other existing and
emerging technologies.
The book is organized as follows: Chapter 1 is a brief overview of the biometric
technology and the research issues underlying the biometrics-based identification
applications. A number of biometrics-based technologies are commercially available
today and many more are being developed in the educational and commercial research
laboratories world wide. Currently, there are mainly eight different biornetrics
including face, fingerprint, hand geometry, iris, retinal pattern, signature, voice-print,
and thermograms have actually been deployed for identification. In each of the next
eight chapters (Chapters 2-9), the leading experts and pioneers of biometric
technology describe a particular biometric, its characteristics, the specific problems
underlying the design of an identification/authentication system based on that
biometric, performance evaluation of the existing systems and open issues which need
to be addressed. The next five chapters (Chapters 10-14) describe biometrics which
are not yet commercially available but which are under active research for on-line
identification: keystroke dynamics, dait, odor, ear, and DNA.
A number of emerging civilian applications involve a very large number of
identities (e.g., several million) and at the same time have demanding performance
requirements (e.g., scalability, speed, accuracy). Chapter 15 addresses the research
issues underlying design of a large identification and authentication system. To
accomplish and engineer the design of highly reliable and accurate biometrics-based
identification systems, it may often be necessary to effectively integrate
discriminatory information contained in several different biometrics. These
integration issues are dealt with in Chapter 16. A large cross-section of the population
interested in biometrics is overwhelmed by the quickly growing pace of the