BioMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology: Volume I Biological and Biomedical Nanotechnology

531 Pages·2006·9.677 MB·English

by  Jun Li, M. Meyyappan (auth.), Mauro Ferrari Ph.D., Abraham P. Lee, L. James Lee (eds.)

BioMEMS and Biomedical
Nanotechnology
Volume I
Biological and Biomedical Nanotechnology
BioMEMS and Biomedical
Nanotechnology
Mauro Ferrari, Ph.D., Editor-in-Chief
Professor,BrownInstituteofMolecularMedicineChairman
DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering
UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenter,Houston,TX
ProfessorofExperimentalTherapeutics
UniversityofTexasM.D.AndersonCancerCenter,Houston,TX
ProfessorofBioengineering
RiceUniversity,Houston,TX
ProfessorofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology
UniversityofTexasMedicalBranch,Galveston,TX
President,theTexasAllianceforNanoHealth
Houston,TX
Volume I
Biological and Biomedical Nanotechnology
Edited by
Abraham P. Lee
BiomedicalEngineering
UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine
L. James Lee
ChemicalandBiomolecularEngineering
TheOhioStateUniversity
AbrahamP.Lee
UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine
Irvine,California
JamesLee
OhioStateUniversity
Columbus,Ohio
MauroFerrari
OhioStateUniversity
Columbus,OH
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
VolumeI
ISBN-10: 0-387-25563-X e-ISBN10: 0-387-25842-6 Printedonacid-freepaper.
ISBN-13: 978-0387-25563-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-0387-25842-3
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ISBN-10: 0-387-25661-3 e-ISBN:10: 0-387-25749-7
ISBN-13: 978-0387-25561-3 e-ISBN:13: 978-0387-25749-5
(cid:1)C 2006SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC
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DedicatedtoRichardSmalley(1943–2005),inMemoriam
ToRick,
fatherfounderofnanotechnology
primeinspirationforitsapplicationstomedicine
graciousmentortoitsresearchers
ourlight—foreverinthetrencheswithus
(RickSmalleyreceivedthe1996ChemistryNobelPrize
fortheco-discoveryofcarbon-60buckeyballs)
Contents
ListofContributors............................................................xv
Foreword.....................................................................xix
Preface.......................................................................xxi
1. BiomolecularSensingforCancerDiagnosticsUsingCarbonNanotubes ... 1
JunLiandM.Meyyappan
1.1. Introduction........................................................ 1
1.2. CarbonNanotubes.................................................. 2
1.3. CarbonNanotubeElectrodes......................................... 3
1.3.1 CharacteristicsofaGoodElectrode............................. 3
1.3.2 WhyUseNanoelectrode?...................................... 4
1.3.3 WhyUseCarbonNanotubes?.................................. 5
1.3.4 FabricationofCNTNanoelectrodes............................. 5
1.4. PreliminaryResults................................................. 8
1.4.1 ElectronicNano-ChipDevelopment............................. 8
1.4.2 ElectrochemicalPropertiesofCNTNanoelectrodeArrays......... 11
1.4.3 FunctionalizationofOligonucleotideProbes..................... 12
1.4.4 ElectrochemicalDetectionofDNAHybridization................ 14
1.5. Summary.......................................................... 16
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 17
References.............................................................................. 17
2. MicrospheresforDrugDelivery ......................................... 19
Kyekyoon“Kevin”KimandDanielW.Pack
2.1. Introduction........................................................ 19
2.2. Background........................................................ 20
2.2.1 FactorsAffectingReleaseRates................................ 20
2.2.2 RecentApplicationsofControlledReleaseMicrospheres ......... 21
2.3. FabricationofPolymerMicro-andNanoparticles...................... 24
2.3.1 TechniquesforFabricatingUniformMicrospheres................ 25
2.3.2 TechniquesforFabricatingUniformCore-ShellMicroparticles.... 29
2.3.3 UseofElectrohydrodynamicSprayingforFabricationofUniform
MicroandNanospheres........................................ 33
2.4. ControlledReleasefromPrecisionMicrospheres....................... 35
2.4.1 In-vitroReleasefromUniformMicrospheres.................... 36
viii CONTENTS
2.4.2 In-vitroReleasefromMixturesofUniformMicrospheres......... 37
2.4.3 InvitroReleasewithDouble-WallMicrospheres................. 39
2.4.4 ReleaseofMacromoleculesfromMonodisperseMicrospheres..... 40
2.5. Conclusions........................................................ 41
References.............................................................................. 42
3. NanoscalePolymerFabricationforBiomedicalApplications .............. 51
L.JamesLee
3.1. Introduction........................................................ 51
3.2. PotentialBiomedicalApplicationsofPolymerNanostructures........... 52
3.2.1 DrugDeliveryandGeneTherapy............................... 52
3.2.2 MedicalDiagnosticsandNanofluidics .......................... 53
3.2.3 TissueEngineeringandBioreactors............................. 54
3.3. Mold(Master)MakingandPrototyping............................... 55
3.3.1 Non-CleanroombasedMoldMakingandPrototyping ............ 55
3.3.2 CleanroombasedMoldMaking................................ 57
3.4. NanoscalePolymerReplication...................................... 62
3.4.1 SoftLithography.............................................. 63
3.4.2 Nanoimprinting............................................... 63
3.4.3 InjectionMoldingattheNanoscale............................. 71
3.4.4 OtherTechnologies ........................................... 73
3.5. AssemblyandBonding.............................................. 80
3.6. ConclusionsandFutureDirections................................... 83
References.............................................................................. 89
4. 3DMicro-andNanofabricationandTheirMedicalApplication ........... 97
E.DiFabrizio,F.Perennes,F.Romanato,S.Cabrini,D.Cojoc,M.Tormen,
L.Businaro,L.Vaccari,R.Z.Proietti,andRakeshKumar
4.1. Introduction........................................................ 97
4.2. 3DMicroandNanofabrication....................................... 98
4.2.1 3DFabricationbyX-rayandDeepX-rayLithographyfor
BiomedicalApplication ....................................... 98
4.2.2 3DMicropartsforTransdermalDrugDeliverySystem............ 102
4.3. EmergingMethodsfor3DMicroandNanofabrication.................. 107
4.3.1 TwoPhotonassistedMicrofabrication........................... 108
4.3.2 NanoimprintandSoftLithography.............................. 112
4.3.3 FocusedIonBeamLithographyfor3DimensionalStructures...... 115
4.4. HybridLithographyApproach....................................... 121
4.4.1 X-rayandNanoimprintLithographyfor3DPatterning............ 121
4.4.2 LithographyatInterface-BinaryResistProcessCombinedwith
MultipleTiltedXRLandEBLLithography...................... 123
4.5. 3DTrappingandMicroManipulationbyMeansofOpticalTweezers.... 129
4.5.1 OpticalTweezersEnabled3DTrappingand
Micromanipulation............................................ 129
4.5.2 3DMicromanipulationofCellsbyMeansofOpticalTweezers.... 133
4.6. MemsDevicesforBiomedicalApplications........................... 136
CONTENTS ix
4.6.1 Self-standingMetallicNanogapMEMSStructuresforNano
TrappingApplication.......................................... 137
Conclusions............................................................................. 138
References.............................................................................. 139
5. SacrificialOxideLayerforDrugDelivery ................................ 145
PiyushM.SinhaandMauroFerrari
5.1. Introduction........................................................ 145
5.2. SiliconDioxideFabrication.......................................... 146
5.2.1 ThermallyGrownOxide....................................... 147
5.2.2 DepositedSiliconDioxide..................................... 148
5.2.3 ThermallyGrownOxidevsDepositedOxide.................... 149
5.2.4 Silicon-On-Insulator(SOI)asSacrificialLayer................... 149
5.3. SacrificialOxideEtching............................................ 150
5.3.1 EtchMechanism.............................................. 150
5.3.2 EtchSelectivity............................................... 152
5.3.3 Stiction...................................................... 152
5.3.4 On-ChipPackaging........................................... 153
5.4. ApplicationofSacrificialOxideinDevices............................ 153
5.4.1 SacrificialOxideforMEMS ................................... 154
5.4.2 SacrificialOxideinICs........................................ 162
5.5. Summary.......................................................... 166
References.............................................................................. 166
6. CarbonNanotubeBiosensors ........................................... 171
PingangHeandLimingDai
6.1. Introduction........................................................ 171
6.2. TheStructureandChemicalReactivityofCarbonNanotubes............ 172
6.3. FunctionalizationofCarbonNanotubes............................... 173
6.3.1 Non-covalentFunctionalization................................. 173
6.3.2 ChemicallyCovalentModification.............................. 175
6.4. FabricationofCarbonNanotubeElectrodes........................... 178
6.4.1 Non-alignedCarbonNanotubeElectrodes....................... 178
6.4.2 AlignedCarbonNanotubeElectrodes........................... 182
6.5. CarbonNanotubeBiosensors........................................ 185
6.5.1 ProteinandEnzymeBiosensors................................ 185
6.5.2 DNASensors................................................. 191
6.6. Conclusion......................................................... 198
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 198
References.............................................................................. 198
7. CharacterizationMethodsforQualityControlofNanopore
andNanochannelMembranes ........................................... 203
CarloCosentino,FrancescoAmato,andMauroFerrari
7.1. Introduction........................................................ 203
7.2. MicroscopyObservation ............................................ 205
x CONTENTS
7.3. BubblePoint....................................................... 207
7.4. GasPermeability................................................... 210
7.5. Permoporometry.................................................... 211
7.6. Thermoporometry.................................................. 212
7.7. ElectricalConductance.............................................. 213
7.8. UltrasonicSpectroscopy............................................. 214
7.9. MolecularTransport................................................ 216
7.9.1 ClassicalTransportModels.................................... 216
7.9.2 DiffusionThroughNanochannels............................... 218
References.............................................................................. 222
8. MagneticNanoparticlesforMRImaging ................................ 227
LeeJosephson
8.1. Introduction........................................................ 227
8.2 ABriefHistoryOfPolymerCoatedIronOxideNanoparticles
AsPharmaceuticals.................................................. 227
8.3 Magneto/opticalNanoparticlesAsOpticalProbes...................... 230
8.4 MagneticNanoparticlesAsBiosensors................................ 231
8.5 MagneticNanoparticlesForCellLoadingAndTrackingByMRI........ 232
8.6 MolecularlyTargetedNanoparticleBasedMRIContrastAgents......... 234
8.7 TheFuture ......................................................... 235
References............................................................................... 235
9. PolymerDesignforNonviralGeneDelivery .............................. 239
KamW.Leong
9.1 Introduction........................................................ 239
9.1.1 BarriersforNonviralGeneTransfer............................. 240
9.2 SyntheticPolymericGeneCarriers.................................... 243
9.2.1 Polyethyleneimine............................................ 243
9.2.2 Polylysine.................................................... 243
9.2.3 Poly(α-(4-aminobutyl)-L-glycolicacid) ........................ 246
9.2.4 PolyamidoamineDendrimer ................................... 247
9.2.5 Poly((2-dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate)...................... 248
9.2.6 Poly(β-aminoester)........................................... 248
9.2.7 Polyphosphazene............................................. 249
9.2.8 Cyclodextrin-containingPolycation............................. 250
9.2.9 Polyphosphoester............................................. 251
9.3 NaturalPolymericGeneCarriers...................................... 254
9.3.1 Chitosan..................................................... 254
9.4 BiomaterialsApproachtoGeneDelivery.............................. 256
9.5 Summary........................................................... 258
References............................................................................... 259
10. Dip-PenTechnologiesforBiomolecularDevices .......................... 265
DebjyotiBanerjee
10.1 Introduction........................................................ 265
CONTENTS xi
10.2 GeneralApplications................................................ 268
10.3 Bio-molecularPatterningusingDpn................................... 269
10.3.1 Nano-PatteringofOligonucleotidesUsingDPN........................ 270
10.3.2 Nano-PatterningofProteinandPetidesUsingDPN.................... 276
10.3.3 Nano-PatterningofCompositeBio-MolecularStructures............. 291
10.4 DpnBio-MolecularDevicesforCellandVirusCapture................. 292
10.5 UsingMicrofluidicsforDpnApplicationsinBiomolecularPatterning.... 295
10.5.1 Analysis......................................................................... 296
10.5.2 ComputationalFluidDynamic(CFD)Simulation...................... 297
10.5.3 Fabrication...................................................................... 298
10.5.4 ExperimentalApparatus..................................................... 299
10.5.5 ResultsandDiscussion....................................................... 299
10.6 Summary,ConclusionandFutureDirection............................ 302
References............................................................................... 303
11. EngineeredInorganic-BindingPolypeptidesforBionanotechnology ....... 307
CandanTamerlerandMehmetSarikaya
11.1 Introduction........................................................ 307
11.2 SelectionofInorganicBindingPolypeptides........................... 309
11.3 BindingAffinityofInorganic-BindingPolypeptides.................... 312
11.3.1 MolecularAdsorptionofGEPI............................................. 312
11.3.2 PhysicalSpecificityandMolecularModeling........................... 314
11.4 PotentialApplicationsofMolecularBiomimeticsinBio-And
Nanobiotechnology.................................................. 316
11.4.1 GEPI-AssistedCellandPhageSortingandDifferentiation........... 317
11.4.2 TargetImmobilizationviaEngineeredPolypeptidesasMolecular
ErectorFilms................................................................... 318
11.4.3 GeneticallyEngineeredBifunctionalGEPI-AlkalinePhosphatase
MolecularConstruct:ExpressingbothCatalyticand
Inorganic-BindingActivity.................................................. 320
11.4.4 Bionanofabrication:SilicaSynthesisUsingInorganic
BindingPolypeptides......................................................... 321
11.5 FutureProspectsandPotentialApplicationsinNanotechnology.......... 322
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 323
References............................................................................... 323
12. DynamicNanodevicesBasedonProteinMolecularMotors ............... 327
DanV.Nicolau
12.1 Introduction........................................................ 327
12.2 ProteinMolecularMotors—BiophysicalAspects....................... 328
12.2.1 RotaryMotors.................................................................. 328
12.2.2 LinearMotors.................................................................. 329
12.2.3 Actin/MicrotubulePolymerisation......................................... 333
12.3 NanodevicesBasedonProteinMolecularMotors—OperationalAspects.. 333
12.3.1 MotilityAssaysandSingleMoleculeTechniques...................... 333
12.3.2 InteractionofMotorProteinswiththeDeviceEnvironment.......... 336
xii CONTENTS
12.4 Design,FabricationandOperationofProteinMolecularMotors-Based
Nanodevices........................................................ 341
12.4.1 LateralConfinementofMovementforMotileElements............... 341
12.4.2 ControlofUnidirectionalMovementbyExternalMeans............. 343
12.4.3 ControlofUnidirectionalMovementbySelf-AssembledTracks.... 346
12.4.4 On-OffControloftheOperationofProteinMolecularMotors
Devices.......................................................................... 347
12.5 PrototypesofNanodevicesBasedonProteinMolecularMotors.......... 349
12.5.1 SensingDevices............................................................... 350
12.5.2 NanomechanicalDevices.................................................... 350
12.5.3 InformationStorageandProcessing....................................... 354
12.6 Perspectives........................................................ 354
12.7 Conclusion......................................................... 356
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 357
References............................................................................... 357
13. NanodevicesinBiomedicalApplications ................................. 363
BryanRonainSmith,MarkRuegsegger,PhilipA.Barnes,MauroFerrari,
andStephenC.Lee
13.1 Introduction........................................................ 363
13.1.1 DefiningNanotechnologyandNanodevices............................. 363
13.2 OpportunitiesforBiomedicalNanotechnology:Technologicaland
Biological.......................................................... 366
13.2.1 DeviceAssembly.............................................................. 366
13.2.2 Targeting:DelimitingNanotherapeuticActionin
Three-DimensionalSpace................................................... 373
13.2.3 Triggering:SpatiallyandTemporallyDelimiting
NanotherapeuticAction...................................................... 374
13.2.4 SensingApproaches.......................................................... 380
13.2.5 ImagingUsingNanotherapeuticContrastAgents....................... 383
13.3 SpecificTherapeuticApplicationsofHybridNanodevices............... 385
13.3.1 HybridNanotherapeuticDevicesinOncology.......................... 385
13.3.2 NanotherapeuticsforCardiovascularApplications..................... 396
13.3.3 HybridNanotherapeuticsandSpecificHostImmuneResponses.... 388
13.4 Conclusions........................................................ 389
Acknowledgements.................................................................... 390
References............................................................................... 390
14. ModelingBiomolecularTransportattheNanoscale ...................... 399
A.T.Conlisk
14.1 Introduction........................................................ 399
14.2 Background........................................................ 402
14.3 GoverningEquationsforSyntheticIonChannelsintheContinuum
Regime:ThePoisson-Nernst-PlanckSystem........................... 403
14.4 TheOne-DimensionalPoisson-Nernst-PlanckEquations................ 406
14.5 HinderedDiffusionConcepts......................................... 408
14.6 CalculatingtheElectricalPotential.................................... 412