Biomembranes: Signal Transduction Across Membranes, Volume 3

329 Pages·1995·12.49 MB·English

Biomembranes
Signal Transduction Across Membranes
4b
3
VCH
Balaban Publishers
Biomembranes
Edited by Meir Shinitzky
Volume 1: Physical Aspects, 1993
Volume 2: Structural and
Functional Aspects, 1994
Volume 3: Signal Transduction
Across Membranes, 1995
See page 326 for further information.
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft rnbH, D-69451 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 1995
Distribution:
VCH, P. 0. Box 101161, D-69451 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany)
Switzerland: VCH, P. 0. Box, CH-4020 Basel (Switzerland)
United Kingdom and Ireland: VCH (UK) Ltd., 8 Wellington Court,
Cambridge CB1 1HZ (England)
USA and Canada: VCH, 220 East 23rd Street, New York, NY 100104606 (USA)
Japan: VCH, Eikow Building, 10-9 Hongo 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113 (Japan)
ISBN 3-527-30023-6 (VCH, Weinheirn)
Biomembranes
Signal Transduction
Across Membranes
Edited bv
Meir Shihitzky
4b
3
VCH
Balaban Publishers
Weinheim . New York
Basel . Cambridge . Tokyo
Editor:
Prof. Dr. Meir Shinitzky
Department of Membrane Research and Biophysics
The Weizmann Institute of Science
Rehovot 76120
Israel
This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editor and publisher do not warrant the
information contained therein to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements,
data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
Published jointly by
VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany)
VCH Publishers Inc., New York, NY (USA)
Editorial Director: Miriam Balaban
Production Manager: Dip1.-Wirt.-Ing. (FH) H.-J. Schmitt
Library of Congress Card No.: applied for
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:
A catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Biomembranes / ed. by Meir Shinitzky. - Weinheim ; New
York ; Base1 ; Cambridge ; Tokyo : VCH : Brooklyn, NY :
Balaban Publ.
NE: Shinitzky, Meir [Hrsg.]
Vol. 3. Signal transduction across membranes. - 1995
ISBN 3-527-30023-6
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-69451 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 1995
Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free paper
All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be
reproduced in any form -by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means -nor transmitted or translat-
ed into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trade-
marks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such are not to be considered unpro-
tected by law.
Printing: Strauss Offsetdruck GmbH, D-69509 Morlenbach
Bookbinding: J. Schaffer, D-67269 Griinstadt
Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Preface
One of the major physiological aspects of biological membranes is signal
transduction and processing. Volume 3 of this series is dedicated almost entirely to
mechanisms associated with signal transduction. The unique framework of physi-
cal properties presented in Volumes 1 and 2 provides an essential ground for the
understanding of such mechanisms and the three volumes therefore form a com-
prehensive series on membrane function.
Rehovot, October 1994 Meir Shinitzky, Editor
Contents
Chapter 1
General Mechanistic Patterns of Signal Transduction Across
Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Marcel Spaargaren, Siegfried W de Laat and Johannes Boonstra
Chapter 2
Receptors for Neurotransmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
E Anne Stephenson and Philip G. Strange
Chapter 3
Receptors to Peptide Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Sandra Incerpi and Paolo Luly
Chapter 4
G Proteins in Signal Transduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Lutz Birnbaumer and Marie1 Birnbaumer
Chapter 5
Membrane-Associated Protein Kinases and Phosphatases . . . . . 253
David S. Lester
Chapter 6
Phospholipases in Signal Transduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Daniela Corda, Marco Falasca, Maria di Girolamo and
Tiziana Cacciamani
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Biomemb ranes
Edited by Meir Shinitzky
Copyright 0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaflr nbH, 1995
CHAPTER 1
General Mechanistic Patterns of Signal
Transduction Across Membranes
MARCEL SPAARGARENl , SIEGFRIED W. DE LAAT2 and
JOHANNES BOONSTRA3
'Onyx Pharmaceuticals, 3031 Research Drive, Bldg. A, Richmond,
CA 94806, USA
2Hubrecht Luboratoty, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology,
Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
3Departrnent of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Utrecht,
Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
Contents
2 Abbreviations
4 Introduction
6 Receptors
8 Signal transduction
14 Cell Surface Receptors
15 Catalytic receptors
19 G-protein-coupled receptors
23 Receptors without catalytic activity or G-protein coupling
26 Signal Transduction Mechanisms
26 GTP binding/GTPase proteins
26 G-proteins
30 Ras proteins
33 Aden ylate cyclase, cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterases
34 Phospholipases and phospholipid-derived second messengers
34 Phospholipase A,
37 Phospholipase C
39 Phospholipase D
2 M. Spaargaren et al.
39 Kinases
Protein kinase C
40
41 CAMP-dependent protein kinase
43 RAF-1 kinase
44 Mitogen-activated protein kinase
45 Signal Transduction in Development and Cancer
45 Signal transduction and development
49 Signal transduction and cancer
55 Acknowledgements
55 References
Abbreviations
AA - ara chi donic acid
ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
AP - activator protein
BDNF - brain-derived neurotrophic factor
CAM-kinase - Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
CRE CAMP responsive element
CREB CRE binding protein
CSF colony stimulating factor
DG diacylgl ycerol
EGF epidermal growth factor
EPO erythropoietin
FGF fibroblast growth factor
FN fibronectin
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
GAP GTPase activating protein
GC guanylate cyclase
G-CSF granulocyte-CSF
GH growth hormone
GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage-CSF
GNRP guanine nucleotide-releasing protein
G-protein guanine nucleotide-binding protein
HGF hepatocyte growth factor
I insulin
IFN interferon
IGF insulin-like growth factor
I1 inter leu kin
inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
IP3
General Mechanistic Patterns 3
KGF - kera ti nocy te growth factor
LH - luteinizing hormone
LH-CG - choriogonadotropin
LIF - lymphocyte inhibiting factor
LPL - lysophospholipid
LT - leukotriene
M AP-kinase - mitogen-activated protein kinase
NDF - neu differentiation factor
NGF - nerve growth factor
NF-1 - neurofibromatosis type-1 protein
NT-3 - neurotrophin-3
PA - phosphatidic acid
PAF - platelet activating factor
PC - phosphatidylcholine
PDE - phosphodiesterase
PDGF - platelet derived growth factor
PG - prostaglandin
PI - phosphatidylinositol
PIP - phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate
PIP, - phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
PKA - CAMP-dependent protein kinase
PKC - protein kinase C
PL - phospholipid
PLA, - phospholipase A,
PLC - phospholipase C
PLD - phospholipase D
Pro - prolactin
PT - pertussis toxin
R - receptor
RSK - ribosomal S6 kinase
SCF - stem cell factor
SF - steel factor
SH-2 domain - src homology 2 domain
TGF - transforming growth factor
TNF - tumor necrosis factor
TPA -
12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate
TRE - TPA responsive element
TRH - thyrotropin-releasing hormone
TSH - thyrotropin stimulating hormone
TX - thromboxane
4 M. Spaargaren et al.
Introduction
A multicellular organism is composed of a wide variety of different
cell types, each of them specialized to fulfill its function. Optimal
functioning of an organism is only possible if the individual cells that
make up the different tissues and organs are able to communicate with
one another in order to coordinate their growth, division, development,
differentiation, and organization. In this contribution we will discuss the
mechanisms of intercellular communication and the intracellular process-
es resulting in the cellular responses (i.e., signal transduction), limiting
ourselves mainly to mammalian cells.
In general, cells are able to communicate in three ways (Fig. 1):
(1) by small molecules (e.g., ions or metabolites, smaller than & 1 kDa)
that can pass gap junctions, which connect the cytoplasm of two cells;
or by signalling molecules (e.g., hormones, GFs and neurotransmitters)
that are either (2) cell-surface-localized, or (3) secreted. The first two
mechanisms are only available to adjacent cells, whereas the latter can
act over some distance. In this chapter we will focus on cell-to-cell
signalling by secreted signalling molecules since this mechanism is most
widely used. It should be mentioned, however, that some of the secreted
signalling molecules are also able to exert their effect on neighboring
cells in a membrane-anchored fashion.
Cellular communication via secreted signalling molecules can be
classified in three categories, based on the distance over which the signal
acts (Fig. lc). The first category, denoted endocrine signalling, occurs
if the distance between the signal producing cell and the target cell is
relatively large, the signalling molecules (hormones) being secreted by
endocrine cells, usually organized in specific glands, and transported by
the bloodstream to the target cells. As a consequence of the dilution in
blood, the concentration of the signalling molecules is relatively low (in
the pM range). The second category, paracrine and autocrine signalling,
occurs if the signal producing cell is in the immediate environment of
the target cell (paracrine), or if the signal producing cell itself is the
target cell (autocrine). Examples for these signalling molecules are
growth factors that are able to regulate the proliferation and differentia-
tion of a variety of cell types, mainly at an intermediate concentration
(nM range). Autocrine signalling is usually confined to certain cancer
cells, both producing and responding to growth factors, which causes
unrestrained cell proliferation and tumor formation. The third category
is employed by neurotransmitters, acting in the synaptic signalling of the