Biomedical science practice : experimental and professional skills

594 Pages·2011·20.6 MB·English

by  Hedley Glencross

Biomedical Science Practice
fundamentals
OF
biomedical science
Biomedical Science
Practice
Experimental and professional skills
Edited by
Hedley Glencross
Institute of Biomedical Science
Nessar Ahmed
Manchester Metropolitan University
Qiuyu Wang
Manchester Metropolitan University
1
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp
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Typeset by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company
Printed in Italy on acid-free paper by
L.E.G.O. S.p.A.
ISBN 978-0-19-953329-9
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
CCoonntteennttss
An introduction to the Fundamentals of 3 Communications in laboratory
Biomedical Science series x medicine 42
Acknowledgements xiv
Georgina Lavender
Contributors xv
Abbreviations xvi
Introduction 42
3.1 Communication and the clinical laboratory 43
1 Biomedical science and
3.2 Communication and confidentiality 48
biomedical scientists 1
3.3 Methods of communication 49
Hedley Glencross
3.4 Data protection 55
Introduction 1 3.5 Record keeping 61
1.1 What is biomedical science? 2 Summary 63
1.2 Biomedical science degree programmes 3 Further reading 63
1.3 What is a biomedical scientist? 4 Questions 64
1.4 Professional skills 6
4 Health and safety 66
1.5 Initial employment as a biomedical
Alison Taylor
scientist 10
1.6 What do biomedical scientists do? 12 Introduction 66
Summary 18 4.1 Hazards 67
Further reading 19 4.2 Routes of entry into the body by chemical
and biological agents 70
Questions 19
4.3 Statutory framework for health and safety 70
4.4 Risk assessment 76
2 Fitness to practise 20
4.5 Control of substances hazardous to health 80
Hedley Glencross
4.6 Fire regulations 83
Introduction 20
4.7 Personal protective equipment 85
2.1 Healthcare regulation 20
4.8 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous
2.2 Health Professions Council 21 Occurrences Regulations 87
2.3 HPC Standards of Conduct, Performance 4.9 Transport regulations 88
and Ethics 24 4.10 Personal health and safety 89
2.4 Renewal of HPC registration 30 4.11 Universal or standard precautions 92
2.5 Institute of Biomedical Science 30 Summary 92
2.6 IBMS Code of Conduct and Good Further reading 93
Professional Practice 31 Questions 93
2.7 IBMS and education 34
5 Statistics and handling data 95
Summary 39
Andrew Blann
Further reading 39
Questions 40 Introduction 95
vvii CONTENTS
5.1 Types of information and how to 8.2 Components of a microscope 187
describe them 96
8.3 Magnification 192
5.2 Analysis and interpretation of data 105
8.4 Dark field microscopy 192
5.3 Statistical packages 120
8.5 Phase contrast microscopy 193
Summary 122
8.6 Polarization microscopy 195
Further reading 123
8.7 Fluorescence microscopy 195
Questions 123
8.8 Confocal microscopy 198
6 Preparing and measuring 8.9 Inverted microscopes 199
reagents 125 8.10 Electron microscopy 200
Ian Graham
Summary 209
Introduction 125 Further reading 209
Questions 209
6.1 Balances and weighing 126
6.2 Volume measurements and delivery 131
9 Electrochemistry 211
6.3 Pipettors 135
Peter Robinson
6.4 Preparing reagents: concentrations
and dilutions 141 Introduction 211
Summary 148 9.1 Basic concepts and definitions 212
Further reading 149
9.2 Principles of electrochemical
Questions 149 techniques 213
9.3 Potentiometric techniques 215
7 Samples and sample collection 151
9.4 Voltammetric techniques 225
Joyce Overfield
9.5 Biosensors 228
Introduction 151 Summary 233
7.1 Blood 152 Further reading 233
7.2 Urine 161 Questions 234
7.3 Fluids other than blood and urine 163
10 Radioactivity and radiation 236
7.4 Cytopathology and histopathology samples 167
John Gaffney and Mark Slevin
7.5 Samples for microbiology testing 169
Summary 176 Introduction 236
Further reading 176 10.1 Atomic structure 236
Questions 177 10.2 Types of radioactive decay 238
10.3 Rate of radioactive decay 241
8 Microscopy 179
10.4 Units associated with radioactivity 242
Tony Sims
10.5 Interaction of radiation with matter 243
Introduction 179
10.6 Detection and measurement
8.1 Microscopy and image formation 181 of radioactivity 244
CONTENTS vviiii
10.7 Safety precautions when using 13 Chromatography 311
radioisotopes 247 Qiuyu Wang, Nessar Ahmed, and Chris Smith
10.8 Clinical applications of radioactivity 249
Introduction 311
Summary 254
13.1 Partition or distribution coefficient 312
Further reading 254
13.2 Planar chromatography 314
Questions 255
13.3 Column chromatography 319
11 Spectroscopy 257 13.4 High performance liquid
Qiuyu Wang, Helen Montgomery, chromatography 329
Nessar Ahmed, and Chris Smith
13.5 Gas–liquid chromatography 334
Introduction 257 Summary 337
11.1 Radiation and the electromagnetic Further reading 338
spectrum 257 Questions 338
11.2 Interactions between radiation and matter 259
14 Electrophoresis 341
11.3 Radiation, particles, and quanta 260
Qiuyu Wang, Nessar Ahmed, and Chris Smith
11.4 Absorbance 261
Introduction 341
11.5 Absorption spectra 266
14.1 Principles of electrophoresis 341
11.6 Light scattering methods 272
14.2 Factors affecting electrophoretic
11.7 Fluorescence and fluorimetry 273
separations 343
11.8 Nuclear magnetic resonance
14.3 Detection of separated components 345
spectroscopy 274
14.4 Paper or cellulose electrophoresis 348
11.9 Mass spectrometry 279
14.5 Cellulose acetate electrophoresis 349
Summary 287
Further reading 288 14.6 Starch electrophoresis 351
Questions 288 14.7 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 352
14.8 Agarose gel electrophoresis 362
12 Centrifugation 290
14.9 Capillary electrophoresis 367
Qiuyu Wang, Nessar Ahmed, and Chris Smith
14.10 Isoelectric focusing 370
Introduction 290
14.11 Two-dimensional electrophoresis 372
12.1 Basics of centrifugation theory 291
Summary 374
12.2 Types of centrifuges 295
Further reading 374
12.3 Tubes and rotors 298 Questions 375
12.4 Separation methods using centrifuges 299
15 Immunological techniques 377
12.5 Safety and centrifuges 303
Christine Yates
12.6 Examples of clinical centrifugation 305
Introduction 377
Summary 308
Further reading 308 15.1 Outline of the immune system 378
Questions 309 15.2 Synthesis of antibodies in vivo 380
vviiiiii CONTENTS
15.3 Production of polyclonal and monoclonal 17.4 Tracked automation systems and
antibodies in vitro 382 the core automated laboratory 470
15.4 Antigen–antibody interactions 385 17.5 Automation in wider laboratory settings 473
15.5 Immunological techniques used in clinical Summary 475
laboratories 389 Further reading 476
Summary 409 Questions 476
Further reading 410
Questions 411 18 Point of care testing 478
Jan Still and Lynda Petley
16 Molecular biology techniques 412 Introduction 478
Qiuyu Wang, Nessar Ahmed, and Chris Smith
18.1 Standards and guidelines 479
Introduction 412 18.2 Advantages and limitations
of point of care testing 480
16.1 Structure and properties
of macromolecules 413 18.3 POCT committee and POCT policy 484
16.2 Molecular biology-based techniques 422 18.4 Procurement 488
16.3 Isolation of nucleic acids 422 18.5 Evaluating a POCT device 489
16.4 Hydrolysis of nucleic acids 18.6 Use of POCT devices 492
and restriction endonucleases 428
18.7 Connectivity 494
16.5 Gel electrophoresis 434
18.8 Training for POCT 495
16.6 DNA sequencing 435
18.9 Quality and POCT 496
16.7 Blotting techniques 439
18.10 Audit 498
16.8 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
18.11 Problems, incidents, and litigation 499
and fluorescence in situ hybridization 446
Summary 502
16.9 DNA cloning 449
Further reading 502
16.10 DNA microarrays 457 Questions 503
Summary 458
Further reading 459 19 Quality assurance
Questions 460 and management 505
Elaine Moore
17 Laboratory automation 461 Introduction 505
Tim James
19.1 Quality control 506
Introduction 461 19.2 Quality management 508
17.1 Benefits of automation 462 19.3 Documentation in the clinical laboratory 512
17.2 Collection of suitable samples 19.4 Standards and regulatory requirements
and delivery to the laboratory 465 in the medical laboratory 513
17.3 Specimen reception considerations 19.5 Tools and techniques for continual
in the core automated laboratory 467 improvement 517
CONTENTS iixx
Summary 524 20.6 Opportunities for self-guided
personal development 541
Further reading 524
Questions 525 20.7 Reflective learning 541
20.8 Study skills 542
20 Personal development 526
20.9 Evidence supporting personal
Georgina Lavender development 547
Introduction 526 20.10 Performance appraisal and
personal development plans 549
20.1 Continuing professional development 528
Summary 550
20.2 Opportunities for personal development
Further reading 551
in the workplace 529
Questions 551
20.3 Training and development 532
20.4 Professional bodies and personal Glossary 553
development 534 Index 563
20.5 Commercial concerns and personal
development 540