Table Of ContentAdvances in Simulation
Volume 6
Series Editors:
Paul A. Luker
Bernd Schmidt
Advances in Simulation
Volume 1 Systems Analysis and Simulation I:
Theory and Foundations
Edited by A. Sydow, S.G. Tzafestas, and
R. Vichnevetsky
Volume 2 Systems Analysis and Simulation II:
Applications
Edited by A. Sydow, S.G. Tzafestas, and
T. Vichnevetsky
Volume 3 Advanced Simulation Biomedicine
Edited by Dietmar Moller
Volume 4 Knowledge-Based Simulation: Methodology
and Application
Edited by Paul A. Fishwick and
Richard B. Modjeski
Volume 5 Qualitative Simulation Modeling and
Analysis
Edited by Paul A. Fishwick and
Paul A. Luker
Volume 6 Biomedical Modeling and Simulation
on a PC
Edited by R.P. van Wijkvan Brievingh
and D.P.F. Moller
R.P. van Wijk van Brievingh D.P.E Moller
Editors
Biomedical Modeling
and Simulation on a PC
A Workbench for Physiology and
Biomedical Engineering
With 170 Figures and Six 51/4" Diskettes
Springer-Verlag
New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris
Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Editors:
Rogier P. van Wijk van Brievingh Dietmar P.E Moller
Department of Biophysics Institut fUr Informatik
Faculty of Medicine and Health Technische Universitiit Clausthal
Sciences D-3392 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Al Ain, United Arab Emirates Germany
Series Editors:
Paul A. Luker Bernd Schmidt
Department of Computer Science Institut fUr Informatik
California State University, Chico Universitiit Erlangen-Nurnberg
Chico, CA 95929-0410 Erlangen, Germany
USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biomedical Modeling and Simulation on a PC
Rogier P. van Wijk van Brievingh, Dietmar Moller, editors.
p. cm. - (Advances in simulation; v. 6)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
I. Physiology - Computer simulation. 2. Biotechnology - computer
simulation. 3. Microcomputers. I. Wijk van Brievingh, Rogier P. van.
II. Moller, Dietmar. III. Series.
QP33.6.D38B68 1991
612'.OOI'13-dc20 91-20615
Printed on acid-free paper.
© 1993 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com.
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part
without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175
Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with
reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage
and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication,
even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such
names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly
be used freely by anyone.
Production managed by Francine Sikorski; manufacturing supervised by Vincent Scelta.
Camera-ready copy prepared by the editors.
987654321
ISBN -13 :978-1-4613-9165-4 e-ISBN -13 :978-1-4613-9163-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9163-0
Series Preface
I have long had an interest in the life sciences, but have had few opportunities
to indulge that interest in my professional activities. It has only been through
simulation that those opportunities have arisen. Some of my most enjoyable
classes were those I taught to students in the life sciences, where I attempted to
show them the value of simulation to their discipline. That there is such a value
cannot be questioned. Whether you are interested in population ecology, phar
macokinetics, the cardiovascular system, or cell interaction, simulation can
play a vital role in explaining the underlying processes and in enhancing our
understanding of these processes. This book comprises an excellent collection
of contributions, and clearly demonstrates the value of simulation in the
particular areas of physiology and bioengineering.
My main frustration when teaching these classes to people with little or no
computer background was the lack of suitable simulation software. This di
rectly inspired my own attempts at producing software usable by the computer
novice. It is especially nice that software is available that enables readers to
experience the examples in this book for themselves.
I would like to congratulate and thank the editors, Rogier P. van Wijk
van Brievingh and Dietmar P.P. Moller, for all of their excellent efforts. They
should be proud of their achievement.
This is the sixth volume in the Advances in Simulation series, and other
volumes are in preparation. Clearly, the series is now well established, and we
are constantly seeking to expand it. We would like to cover all aspects of
advances in simulation, whether theoretical, methodological, or hardware or
software related. An important part of publishing material that constitutes an
advance in some discipline is to make the material available while it is still of
considerable use. The editorial and production staff at Springer-Verlag see to
it that this is the case. I urge anybody who is eager to share their advances in
simulation to contact Bernd Schmidt or myself. We would love to hear from
vi Preface
you, whether you propose a single-author monograph or, as in this volume, a
compilation of contributions by many authors.
Chico, California Paul A. Luker
Preface
Simulation of physiological processes and bioengineering concepts is a subject
in most conferences on simulation (with sessions on biomedical engineering)
or on bioengineering (with sessions on simulation). Generally, however, educa
tional aspects are not explicitly presented. Thus, the editors have sought col
leagues interested in the presentation of their results for educational purposes
and are happy to have found so many renowned researchers willing to contrib
ute to this book.
At preliminary meetings with the authors, it was concluded that
- simulation on a personal computer offers a good educational setting for
"investigative learning" in physiology and biomedical engineering courses;
- a sufficient variety of published and validated material is available;
- simulation exercises with the models available could best be designed by the
model-makers themselves;
- corresponding chapters should be written, with reference to standard text
books for background information;
- chapters on general aspects should be added by experts;
- a user interface should be designed, from which all simulations could be
run, and should include context-sensitive "help"; and
- a suitable simulation language should be chosen.
The editors are happy to have met with such great enthusiasm from the au
thors. We gratefully acknowledge the support received from the foundation
"Meducation"; from Ms. Erika van Verseveld, who prepared the camera-ready
copy; and from the software house "Boza" for permission to include the
simulation tool BIOPSI.
Al Ain, United Arab Emirates Rogier P. van Wijk van Brievingh
Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Dietmar P.E Moller
Contents
Series Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Preface ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xiii
CHAPTER 1
State of the Art and Future Aspects of Modeling and
Simulation in Physiology and Biomedical Engineering
Dietmar P.P. Moller
CHAPTER 2
Computer Simulation as an Educational Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Fredericus B.M. Min
CHAPTER 3
Artificial Intelligence and Simulation:
An Introductory Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Eugene J.H. Kerckhoffs and Henk Koppelaar
CHAPTER 4
Simulation: A General Design Tool. . . . . ... . ... . . . . . .. . .. . . . 74
Paul P.J. van den Bosch
CHAPTER 5
Experience in Teaching with the Help of Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Zdenek Wunsch
CHAPTER 6
How to Use This Book.......... ......................... 89
Jos E.C.M. Aarts and Ben J. Jansen
x Contents
CHAPTER 7
The Excitable Membrane: The Hodgkin-Huxley Model ....... 94
Rogier P. van Wijk van Brievingh and Ignacio A. Garcia Alves
CHAPTER 8
The Specific Conduction System of the Heart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Rogier P. van Wijk van Brievingh
CHAPTER 9
Electrodes for Bioelectric Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Rogier P. van Wijk van Brievingh and Antoine J.C. de Reus
CHAPTER 10
The Heart as a Pump: The Program "CARDIO" . . . . . . . . . . . .. 156
Fredericus B.M. Min
CHAPTER 11
A Model of the Baroreflex-Controlled Circulation with
Emphasis on the Baromodulation Hypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Dietmar P.E Moller and Karel H. Wesseling
CHAPTER 12
Pumping and Wall Mechanics of the Left Ventricle ........... 188
Ben J. Jansen, Jos E.C.M. Aarts, and Matheus G.J. Arts
CHAPTER 13
Heart Rate Regulation During Physical Load ................ 195
Jii'i Potucek
CHAPTER 14
Catheter-Manometer Systems ............................. 211
Frank J. Pasveer and Rogier P. van Wijk van Brievingh
CHAPTER 15
Regulation of Respiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 226
Erik W. Kruyt, Aad Berkenbosch, and Richard J.M.G. de Zwart
CHAPTER 16
A Model for Capnograms from the Bain Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 238
Jan E.W. Beneken and Dietmar P.E Moller
CHAPTER 17
Renal Function and Blood Pressure Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . .. 249
Dietmar P.E Moller
CHAPTER 18
Urodynamics of the Lower Urinary Tract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 265
Willem A. van Duyl
Contents xi
CHAPTER 19
Fluid Volumes: The Program "FLUIDS" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 286
Fredericus B.M. Min
CHAPTER 20
Pharmacokinetics. . . . . ... . . ... .. . . . .... . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... 308
Dietmar P.E Moller
CHAPTER 21
Optimal Experiment Design in Pharmacokinetics. . . . . . . . . . . .. 322
Jii'f Potucek
CHAPTER 22
The Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 334
Laurens J. van Briemen, John H.M. van Eijndhoven, and
Dirk A. de Jong
CHAPTER 23
Blood Glucose Regulation by the Pancreas and the Kidney . . . .. 344
Dirk L. Ypey, Alettus A. Verveen, and Bert van Duijn
CHAPTER 24
Regulation of Gastric Acidity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 387
Bert van Duijn, Dirk L. Ypey, and Jacob de Goede
CHAPTER 25
Thermoregulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 410
Rogier P. van Wijk van Brievingh, Mark J. de Leeuw van Weenen,
and Dirk L. Ypey
CHAPTER 26
Muscle Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 422
Rogier P. van Wijk van Brievingh
CHAPTER 27
How to Use the Student Programs. . . . ... . .. . ..... . . . . . . .... 439
Rogier P. van Wijk van Brievingh and
Ignacio A. Garcia Alves
CHAPTER 28
How to Use the Teacher's Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 444
Rogier P. van Wijk van Brievingh, Ignacio A. Garcia Alves,
and Gerard L. van Eendenburg
CHAPTER 29
The Student Database. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 458
Rogier P. van Wijk van Brievingh and Patrick Min
