Biomedical applications of vibration and acoustics in therapy, bioeffects and modeling

374 Pages·2008·42.46 MB·English

by  Ahmed Al-Jumaily

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
OF VIBRATION AND
ACOUSTICS IN THERAPY,
BIOEFFECTS AND
MODELING
Edited by
Ahmed Al-Jumaily Azra Alizad
Auckland University of Mayo Clinic College
Technology of Medicine
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library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data
biomedical applications of vibration and acoustics in therapy, bioeffects, and modeling /
edited by Ahmed Al-Jumaily, Azra Alizad.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISbN 978-0-7918-0275-5
1. vibration—Physiological effect. 2. vibration—Therapeutic use. 3. biological models. I.
Al-Jumaily, Ahmed. II. Alizad, Azra.
[dNlM: 1. vibration—therapeutic use. 2. Acoustics. 3. Models, biological. 4. Ultrasonic
Therapy—methods. wN 535 b615 2008]
qP82.2.v5b56 2008
612’.01445--dc22
2008009351
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Table of ConTenTs
Preface xi
Editor’s Introduction xiii
Part 1: Therapy 1
Section 1: Respiratory System 3
Chapter 1: Oscillation of Airway Smooth Muscle as A Potential Non-Medicinal
Treatment for Asthma 5
Abstract 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Asthma 6
1.2.1 Medicinal Treatments 7
1.2.2 Alternative Treatments 7
1.2.3 The role of Airway wall Components 7
1.2.4 The role of lung Parenchyma 8
1.2.5 heterogenic behaviour of Airways 9
1.2.6 The role of Airway Smooth Muscle 9
1.3 dynamics in respiratory function 9
1.3.1 Airway and ASM dynamics 10
1.4 Molecular basis of Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction 10
1.4.1 The Thick filament 12
1.4.2 The Thin filament 13
1.4.3 Thick and Thin filament Polymerization and depolymerization 13
1.4.4 The Contractile Process 13
1.4.5 The Cytoskeleton 14
1.4.6 Causes of Smooth Muscle response to oscillations 14
1.5 Mathematical Modeling of Smooth Muscle dynamics 15
1.5.1 Tissue-level Empirical Contraction Models 15
1.5.2 Cross-bridge Models 16
1.5.3 length Adaptation Models 20
iii
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iv Table of Contents
1.6 future directions 25
references 26
Chapter 2: Oscillatory Ventilation in the Treatment of Neonatal Respiratory
Diseases 35
Abstract 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 background 36
2.3 defining related Terminology 36
2.3.1 rdS 36
2.3.2 Surfactant and Surface Tension 37
2.3.3 respiratory System Parameters and Mechanics 38
2.4 Therapies and Techniques for Treating Neonatal respiratory diseases 41
2.4.1 Surfactant Therapy 42
2.4.2 Traditional ventilation Treatments 42
2.4.3 high-frequency ventilation 43
2.4.4 Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) with
Pressure oscillations 45
2.4.5 biologically variable ventilation 46
2.4.6 Summary 47
2.5 Modeling the Interaction of Neonatal lungs with respiratory devices 48
2.5.1 A Simplified Single-Compartment viscoelastic Model 48
2.5.2 Investigation Into resonance Phenomena 54
2.6 results and discussion 56
references 57
Section 2: Nervous System 61
Chapter 3: Ultrasound-Induced Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Across the Blood-Brain Barrier 63
Abstract 63
3.1 The blood-brain barrier (bbb) Physiology: Structure and function 63
3.2 The bbb and Neurotherapeutics 64
3.3 focused Ultrasound (fUS) 64
3.4 bbb opening Using fUS and Microbubbles 64
3.5 Clinical Significance 65
3.5.1 Neurodegenerative disease 65
3.5.2 drug delivery in Neurodegenerative disease 65
3.5.3 fUS in facilitating drug delivery in Neurodegenerative disease 67
3.6 Theoretical Studies on Transcranial Propagation and Thermal Effects,
and Their validation with Experiments 68
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Table of Contents v
3.7 In vivo feasibility of Noninvasive bbb opening 69
3.8 duration of bbb opening 73
3.9 In vivo feasibility in Alzheimer’s-Model
(Amyloid Precursor Protein – APP) Mice 74
3.10 fluorescence Imaging Study of the
Molecular Size limit Traversing the bbb opening 75
3.11 Conclusions 77
references 77
Section 3: Cell Culture 81
Chapter 4: Effects of Mechanical Vibration on Cultured Osteoblasts in
Relation to Fracture Healing 83
Abstract 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 functional Adaptation of bone to
the Mechanical loading Environment 84
4.3 Use of Mechanical Stimulation to Promote fracture healing 85
4.4 Materials and Methods for the Investigation of the
Effects of Mechanical vibration on Cultured osteoblasts 85
4.4.1 Cell Cultures 85
4.4.2 Experimental Setup 85
4.4.3 Experimental Methods 86
4.4.4 Statistical Analyses 87
4.5 results and discussion for the Investigation of the
Effects of Mechanical vibration on Cultured osteoblasts 87
4.5.1 Cell Proliferation 87
4.5.2 bone Matrix generation 87
4.5.3 AlP gene Expression 87
4.6 Mechanism of functional Adaptation of osteoblasts to the
Mechanical loading Environment 87
4.7 Summary 92
references 93
Chapter 5: Effects of Ultrasound Stimulation on Chondrocytes in Three-Dimensional
Culture in Relation to the Production of Regenerative Cartilage Tissue 95
Abstract 95
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 functional Adaptation of Articular Cartilage to Mechanical loading 96
5.3 Use of Mechanical Stimulation for the
Production of regenerative Cartilage Tissue 97
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vi Table of Contents
5.4 Materials and Methods for the Investigation of the Effects of Ultrasound
Stimulation on Chondrocytes in Three-dimensional Culture 98
5.4.1 Cell Cultures 98
5.4.2 Experimental Setup 98
5.4.3 Experimental Methods 99
5.4.4 Statistical Analyses 100
5.5 results and discussions for the Investigation of the Effects of Ultrasound
Stimulation on Chondrocytes in Three-dimensional Culture 100
5.5.1 Cell Proliferation 100
5.5.2 quantity of Chondroitin Sulfates In Supernatants 101
5.5.3 histologic Examination 102
5.5.4 Immunohistochemical Examination 102
5.5.5 Type II Collagen gene Expression 102
5.6 Mechanism of functional Adaptation of
Chondrocytes to Mechanical loading 103
5.7 Summary 104
references 105
Part 2: Bioeffects 109
Chapter 6: Risk Factors and Interventions Associated With Hand-Arm Vibration
Syndrome 111
Abstract 111
6.1 Introduction 112
6.2 Strategy Adopted when reviewing the literature 113
6.3 Epidemiological Evidence relating to hAvS 114
6.4 Evidence from Previous reviews linking hTv and Symptoms of hAvS 114
6.5 Epidemiological Studies of hAvS 115
6.5.1 Prevalence and Incidence of hAvS 116
6.5.2 latency Period 117
6.6 risk factors for hAvS 117
6.6.1 occupation 118
6.6.2 vibration Exposure 118
6.6.3 Smoking 119
6.6.4 Postural and Environmental factors 120
6.7 hAvS interventions 120
6.7.1 Introduction 120
6.7.2 Mechanical Interventions 121
6.7.3 Production Systems/organizational Culture 122
6.7.4 Modifier Interventions 123
6.7.5 Ceasing Exposure 124
6.8 Summary 125
references 149
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Table of Contents vii
Chapter 7: Vibration and the Sensory System 153
Abstract 153
7.1 Introduction 153
7.2 The Sensorimotor System 155
7.3 vibration and the Muscle Spindle organ 156
7.3.1 After-Effects of Exposure of the Muscle Spindle to vibration 158
7.4 vibration and Cutaneous Sensors 158
7.5 vibration and the Central Nervous System 158
7.6 occupational Effects of vibration 160
7.7 Therapeutic Uses of Musculoskeletal vibration 160
7.7.1 Subthreshold vibration 161
7.7.2 vibration, Exercise, and Training 161
7.7.3 vibration and bone density 162
7.8 future Studies 163
7.9 Conclusion 163
references 163
Part 3: Modeling 169
Section 1: Biological Systems 171
Chapter 8: Occlusion Identification and Relief Within Branched Structures 173
Abstract 173
8.1 The Structure of respiratory System 173
8.2 A distributed Model for the respiratory Airways 176
8.8.1 governing Equations 176
8.2.2 Tube wall Inertia 177
8.2.3 linearized Model 180
8.2.4 Mathematical Model 182
8.3. Acoustic Impedance response of respiratory System 184
8.3.1. Uniform Model 185
8.3.2. gradual Model 190
8.3.3. one-generation Two-branch Model 193
8.3.4. Two-generation four-branch Model 201
8.4. Application of Acoustic Impedance response in
diagnoses of respiratory System and other Clinical Uses 205
8.4.1. diagnoses of respiratory System 206
8.4.2. Monitoring respiratory Impedance during
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 209
8.4.3 forced oscillation Technique to reflex bronchodilation 210
references 212
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viii Table of Contents
Chapter 9: Advances in Computational Modeling of Sound Propagation in the
Lungs and Torso With Diagnostic Applications 215
Abstract 215
9.1 Introduction 215

9.1.1 background 215

9.1.2 objectives 218
9.2 Modeling Sound Transmission in the bronchial Airways 219
9.2.1 overview 219
9.2.2 Mathematical and diagrammatic description
of the Subglottal Model 219
9.3 Acoustic boundary Element Model of the
lung Parenchymae & Chest wall 225
9.3.1 basic Theory 225
9.3.2 Coupled boundary Conditions for
Surrounding Shell-like Structure 227
9.3.3 Simulating a Pneumothorax (PTX) 228
9.3.4. Coupling the Subglottal Airway Acoustic
Model with the Parenchymae/Chest wall bE/fE Model 229
9.4 Theoretical and Numerical Studies 229
9.4.1 Theoretical Study of the Effect of Pneumothorax
on Airway Input Acoustic Impedance 229
9.4.2 Theoretical validation of the bE Model 230
9.4.3 Numerical validation of bE Model for PTX Case 232
9.5 Experimental Phantom Study to Evaluate
Acoustic boundary Element Model 233
9.5.1 Setup 233
9.5.2 results and discussion 236
9.6 Numerical Study of the visible human Male –
Merging the Airway Model with the lung/Chest Model 241
9.6.1 Setup 241
9.6.2 results and discussion 243
9.7 Conclusion 244
references 244
Chapter 10: An Investigation Into the Dynamic Response of Vocal Folds 247
Abstract 247
10.1  Background  247
10.2  Anatomy of the Vocal Folds  248
10.3  Finite Element Model  249
10.3.1  geometrical Model 249
10.3.2  Materials definition in the Model 250
10.3.3  Contact Problem 251
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Table of Contents ix
10.3.4  Assembled Model 252
10.3.5  Mesh 253
10.4  Experiment Investigation  254
10.4.1  Modal Analysis and Testing 254
10.4.2  larynx Model 254
10.4.3  Experimental Set-Up 255
10.4.4  Experiment results 255
10.5  Fe Model Validation  257
10.5.1  Experiment validation 257
10.5.2  Comparison with In vivo Test 259
10.6  Results Analysis  260
10.6.1  frequency Analysis 260
10.6.2  dynamic response 260
10.6.3  dynamic Analysis 267
10.7  Conclusions  271
References  271
Section 2: Medical Devices 273
Chapter 11: Acoustic Noise in MRI Scanners 275
Abstract 275
11.1  Introduction 275
11.2  Characterization of Noise in MrI Scanners 276
11.2.1  Acoustic Noise Measurement and Analysis 276
11.2.2  Acoustic Noise Modeling and Analysis 287
11.3  Acoustic Noise Control 309
11.3.1  Acoustic Noise Abatement 310
11.3.2  Active Acoustic Noise Control 317
11.4  Summary 324
references 325
Chapter 12: Vibration in MRI Scanners 329
Abstract 329
12.1  Introduction 329
12.2  Characterization of vibration in MrI Scanners 330
12.2.1  vibration Measurements and Analysis 330
12.2.2  vibration Modeling and Analysis 333
12.3  vibration Control 342
12.4  The link between vibration and Acoustic Noise 343
12.5  Summary 347
references 348
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x Table of Contents
Chapter 13: Nanomechanical Cantilever Biosensors: Conceptual Design, Recent
Developments and Practical Implementation 351
Abstract 351
13.1  Introduction 351
13.2  Microcantilever-based biosensing 352
13.2.1  Surface Stress Sensing 353
13.2.2  Mass Sensing 354
13.3  different bio-detection Methods 354
13.4  Modeling Microcantilever beam with Adsorbed biological Species 356
13.4.1  Static Mode (deflection-detection Method) 356
13.4.2  dynamic Mode (frequency-response Measurement) 360
13.5  recent Advances in Nanomechanical Cantilever Sensors’
Modeling and Sensitivity Enhancement 362
13.6  Common Materials Used in Nanocantilever biosensors 362
13.7  Common Methods of Nanocantilever Actuation 363
13.7.1  Actuation due to Ambient Conditions 363
13.7.2  Actuation Using External Energy Sources 363
13.8  Common Methods of Signal Transduction 363
13.8.1  optical readout 363
13.8.2  Piezoresistive readout 364
13.8.3  Piezoelectric readout 364
13.8.4  Capacitive readout 365
13.9  Applications 365
13.10  Summary 367
references 368
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