Biomedical applications of vibration and acoustics for imaging and characterisations

306 Pages·2008·26.37 MB·English

by  Ahmed Al-Jumaily

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
OF VIBRATION AND
ACOUSTICS FOR IMAGING
AND CHARACTERISATIONS
Edited by
Ahmed Al-Jumaily Mostafa Fatemi
Auckland University of Mayo Clinic College of
Technology Medicine
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library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data
biomedical applications of vibration and acoustics for imaging and characterisations /
edited by Mostafa fatemi, Ahmed Al-Jumaily.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISbN 978-0-7918-0273-1
1. Ultrasonic imaging. 2. Acoustic imaging. I. fatemi, Mostafa. II. Al-Jumaily, Ahmed.
[dNlM: 1. Elasticity Imaging Techniques. 2. Acoustics. 3. vibration. wN 208 b615 2008]
rC78.7.U4.b565 2008
616.07’543--dc22
2007052818
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Table of ConTenTs
Preface xi
Editor’s Introduction xii
Part 1: Imaging 1
Section 1: Acoustitc and Ultrasound Methods 3
Chapter 1: Dynamic Radiation Force of Acoustic Waves 5
Abstract 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 hydrodynamic Equations 6
1.3 dynamic radiation force 9
1.4 Acoustic Scattering 11
1.5 radiation force on Spheres 13
1.5.1 radiation force function 13
1.5.2 Experimental Achievements 17
1.5.3 Multifrequency radiation force 18
Appendix 18
references 19
Chapter 2: Numerical Modeling for Assessment and Design of Ultrasound
Vibroacoustography Systems 21
Abstract 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Mathematical Model 24
2.3 Numerical Model 25
2.3.1 high-frequency Propagation – Parabolic Approximation 26
2.3.2 low-frequency wavefield – Surface Integral Method 28
2.3.3 Three-dimensional volume Integral Approach 32
2.3.4 Interaction Term – direct Calculation 34
2.4 Preliminary results 35
2.5 Summary 38
references 39
iii
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iv Table of Contents
Chapter 3: Strain Induced by Dual Acoustic Radiation Force and
its Ultrasonic Measurement 41
Abstract 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 generation of fluctuating Acoustic radiation force 43
3.3 displacement of object Induced by fluctuating
Acoustic radiation force 44
3.3.1 Experimental Setup 44
3.3.2 Experimental results 44
3.4 deformation Induced by dual Acoustic radiation force Captured
by video Camera 47
3.4.1 Experimental Setup 47
3.4.2 Experimental results 47
3.5 Ultrasonic Measurement of displacement distribution Inside An
object Induced by dual Acoustic radiation force 48
3.5.1 Experimental Setup 48
3.5.2 Experimental results 50
3.6 discussion 52
3.7 Conclusions 54
references 55
Chapter 4: Computational Inverse Problem Techniques in Vibroacoustics 57
Abstract 57
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 formulation of the vibroacoustic Problem 58
4.2.1 Solid Mechanics formulation 58
4.2.2 Acoustic Medium 59
4.2.3 Coupling Conditions 60
4.3 Numerical Methods for Solving vibroacoustic Problems 60
4.3.1 finite Element Method 61
4.3.2 boundary Element Method 64
4.3.3 Solution of helmholtz Equations with high wave Number
Using fEM 67
4.4 Inverse Problem Techniques for Material Characterization 67
4.4.1 Ill-Posedness and regularization 68
4.4.2 optimization Methods 68
4.5 Example 69
4.6 future directions 74
references 75
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Table of Contents v
Chapter 5: Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Imaging:
Fundamental Concepts and Image Formation 77
Abstract 77
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Acoustic radiation force 78
5.3 Ultrasonic Monitoring of Tissue response to Impulsive
radiation force 79
5.4 generating Images from Impulsive radiation force data 82
5.4.1 ArfI Imaging: generating Images of relative differences
in displacement response within the roE 83
5.4.2 ArfI Imaging of homogeneous Tissues 83
5.4.3 ArfI Imaging of Tissues with Internal Structures 83
5.4.4 Contrast in ArfI Images 85
5.5 Motion filtering for In vivo Applications 86
5.6 Safety Considerations 88
5.7 Conclusions 89
references 89
Chapter 6: Cardiovascular Elasticity Imaging 93
Abstract 93
6.1 Cardiovascular Applications 93
6.1.1 Cardiac Applications 93
6.1.2 vascular and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
(AAA) Applications 98
6.2 Elasticity Imaging Methods and findings 100
6.2.1 Two-dimensional Myocardial Elastography 100
6.2.2 Ultrasound and Tagged MrI Clinical data Acquisition 107
6.3 PwI for vascular disease detection 109
6.3.1 AAA Animal Model 109
6.3.2 human Applications 110
6.4 Conclusion 111
references 112
Chapter 7: Harmonic Motion Imaging in HIFU Monitoring 119
Abstract 119
7.1 breast Cancer detection 119
7.1.1 Clinical detection and diagnosis of breast Cancer 120
7.1.2 Elasticity Imaging Techniques for breast Cancer detection 120
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vi Table of Contents
7.2 breast Cancer Treatment 122
7.2.1 radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy 122
7.2.2 radio frequency (rf) Ablation 122
7.2.3 high-Intensity focused Ultrasound (hIfU) Ablation 122
7.2.4 Image guidance of hIfU or focused Ultrasound Surgery 123
7.2.5 harmonic Motion Imaging (hMI) for high-Intensity
focused Ultrasound 123
7.3 Clinical Significance 124
7.4 Tumor detection and Treatment Monitoring 125
7.4.1 harmonic Motion Imaging Technique 125
7.4.2 Theoretical framework for hMI Performance Assessment
with validation 127
7.4.3 hMI Technique in breast Cancer detection 127
7.4.4 hMI Technique in the detection of hIfU Ablation 130
7.4.5 real-Time Monitoring of hIfU Using hMI 131
7.4.6 In vivo feasibility of the hMI Technique in Tumor detection 134
7.5 Conclusion 134
references 136
Section 2: Magnetic Resonance Methods 141
Chapter 8: Characterization of Skeletal Muscle Elasticity Using Magnetic
Resonance Elastography 143
Abstract 143
8.1 Clinical background 143
8.2 Principle of MrE Imaging 144
8.3 Introduction to Elasticity Inversion Algorithms 147
8.3.1 wave Motion in Elastic Solids 147
8.3.2 Algebraic Inversion of the differential Equation (AIdE) 148
8.3.3 Phase gradient 149
8.3.4 A finite Element based Inversion Algorithm:
overlapping Subzone Technique 149
8.4 Mechanical Characterization of Skeletal Muscles 152
8.5 Applications of MrE to Skeletal Muscles 153
8.5.1 databases of Muscle Stiffness Using MrE 154
8.5.2 Correlation of MrE data with a functional Examination 155
8.5.3 Assessing Pathologic Muscle with MrE 155
references 158
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Table of Contents vii
Part 2: Characterization 161
Section 1: Vessel characterization 163
Chapter 9: Acoustic Response of the Human Arteries 165
Abstract 165
9.1 basic Concepts 165
9.1.1 Non-Invasive Stiffness detection Methods 166
9.1.2 Cardiovascular Models 169
9.1.3 Cuff-Soft Tissue Artery Models 170
9.2 Theoretical formulation 171
9.2.1 Acoustic Model 171
9.2.2 Cuff-Soft Tissue-brachial Artery Model 175
9.3 Model development and Simulation 183
9.3.1 Acoustic Model 184
9.3.2 Cuff-Soft Tissue-brachial Artery Model 186
9.3.3 Combined Model 188
9.4 Model results and Applications 189
9.4.1 Simulation and feature Extraction 189
9.4.2 Effect of Artery Stiffness 193
9.4.3 Effect of Artery radius 195
9.4.4 Effect of Aortic Thickness 198
9.4.5 Effect of heart rate 200
9.4.6 Effect of Cuff Pressure 201
9.4.7 Applications 204
references 207
Chapter 10: Non-Invasive Method for Measuring Local Viscoelasticity
of Arterial Vessels 211
Abstract 211
10.1 Introduction 211
10.2 Theory 212
10.3 Experiments 214
10.4 results and discussion 214
10.5 Conclusions 219
references 219
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viii Table of Contents
Section 2: Tissue Characterization 221
Chapter 11: Tissue Harmonic Motion Estimation for Tissue Characterization
Using Ultrasound and Kalman Filter 223
Abstract 223
11.1 Introduction 223
11.2 Tissue Motion detection Using Ultrasound 224
11.3 Introduction to the kalman filter 228
11.4 Tissue harmonic Motion Estimation 230
11.4.1 detecting vibration Information Using Pulse Echo Ultrasound 231
11.4.2 Extract vibration Signal from demodulated Ultrasound Echoes 232
11.4.3 Estimate vibration displacement and Phase 232
11.4.4 Case Studies 234
11.5 Conclusions 237
references 237
Chapter 12: Characterization of Tissue Viscoelasticity from
Shear Wave Speed Dispersion 239
Abstract 239
12.1 Introduction 239
12.2 Principle of SdUv 240
12.3 vibration detection with Pulse-Echo Ultrasound 242
12.4 Motion generation and detection with a Single-Array Transducer 243
12.4.1 Motivation 243
12.4.2 Challenges 244
12.4.3 Intermittent Pulse Sequence 244
12.5 discussion 248
12.6 Conclusions 248
references 249
Section 3: Bone Characterization 251
Chapter 13: Application of Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS) to In
Vitro Damage Assessment in Cortical Bone 253
Abstract 253
13.1 Introduction and background 253
13.2 Introduction to Elastic Non-linearity 256
13.3 Theory 257
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Table of Contents ix
13.4 Experiments 258
13.4.1 Samples 258
13.4.2 Experimental Protocol 259
13.4.3 Non-linear resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy 260
13.4.4 Non-linear wave Modulation Spectroscopy 260
13.5 results 262
13.5.1 NrUS observations 262
13.5.2 NwMS observations 265
13.6 discussion and Conclusions 268
references 270
Appendix: International Standards And Guidelines For The Safe Use Of
Diagnostic Ultrasound In Medicine 275
A.1 Ultrasound biophysics and bioeffects 275
A.1.1 Thermal Effects 277
A.1.2 Cavitation 277
A.1.3 other Mechanical Effects 277
A.2 Is There A risk? 278
A.3 development of Safety guidelines and regulation 278
A.4 benefits and risks — The AlArA 280
A.5 International Safety Standards and guidelines 281
references 281
A-Appendices: Selected Safety Statements From International Organizations 285
AA.1 wfUMb Statements on the Safety of diagnostic Ultrasound (1998) 285
AA.1.1 b-Mode Imaging (1992) 285
AA.1.2 doppler (1992) 285
AA.1.3 Transducer heating (1992) 285
AA.1.4 recommendations on Thermal Effects (1997) 285
AA.1.5 Non-Thermal Effects 286
AA.1.6 Contrast Agents 286
AA.2 Selected AIUM Statements on the Safety of diagnostic Ultrasound (1992) 286
AA.2.1 Prudent Use and Clinical Safety (Approved March 19, 2007) 286
AA.2.2 Mammalian in vivo Ultrasonic biological Effects
(Approved October 20, 1992) 286
AA.3 Selected EfSUMb Statements on the Safety of diagnostic Ultrasound
(1995-1996) 287
AA.3.1 guidelines for the safe use of doppler Ultrasound for clinical
applications 287
AA.3.1.1 output conditions and exposure time 288
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