Biomedical applications and toxicology of carbon nanomaterials

572 Pages·2016·13.791 MB·English

by  Chen, Chunying, Wang, Haifang

Editedby
ChunyingChenand
HaifangWang
BiomedicalApplicationsandToxicology
ofCarbonNanomaterials
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EditedbyChunyingChenandHaifangWang
Biomedical Applications and Toxicology of
Carbon Nanomaterials
Editors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHare
carefullyproduced.Nevertheless,authors,
Prof.Dr.ChunyingChen editors,andpublisherdonotwarrantthe
NationalCtr.forNanoscience&Techn. informationcontainedinthesebooks,
No.11,Beiyitiao includingthisbook,tobefreeoferrors.
Zhongguancun Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat
100190Beijing statements,data,illustrations,procedural
China detailsorotheritemsmayinadvertently
beinaccurate.
Prof.Dr.HaifangWang
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ShanghaiUniversity
Inst.ofNanochemistryandNanobiology
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VII
Contents
ListofContributors XIX
Preface XXV
1 Synthesis,Functionalization,andCharacterization 1
JianxunXu,XingLu,andBaowenLi
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 FullerenesandMetallofullerenes 1
1.2.1 SynthesisandPurification 2
1.2.1.1 Synthesis 2
1.2.1.2 Purification 2
1.2.2 ChemicalFunctionalization 3
1.2.2.1 CarbeneReaction 3
1.2.2.2 Bingel–HirschReaction 4
1.2.2.3 PratoReaction 5
1.2.2.4 Bis-Silylation 5
1.2.2.5 Diels–AlderReactionandBenzyneReaction 5
1.2.2.6 SinglyBondedAddition 6
1.2.2.7 SupramolecularComplexesofEMFs 6
1.2.3 Characterization 6
1.2.3.1 SynchrotronRadiationPowderDiffraction
(SRPD)/Rietveld/MEM 6
1.2.3.2 NuclearMagneticResonance(NMR)Spectroscopy 7
1.2.3.3 TheoreticalCalculation 7
1.2.3.4 Single-CrystalX-rayDiffractionCrystallography 7
1.2.3.5 Others 8
1.2.4 QuestionsandFutureDirections 8
1.3 CarbonNanotubes 8
1.3.1 Synthesis 9
1.3.1.1 ArcDischargeMethod 9
1.3.1.2 LaserAblationMethod 10
1.3.1.3 CVDMethod 10
1.3.1.4 SynthesisofCNTswithaDefinedStructure 10
1.3.2 Functionalization 11
VIII Contents
1.3.2.1 CovalentChemicalReactions 11
1.3.2.2 NoncovalentModifications 11
1.3.3 Characterization 12
1.3.3.1 MicroscopicCharacterizations 12
1.3.3.2 SpectroscopicCharacterizations 13
1.3.4 QuestionsandFutureDirections 13
1.4 Graphene 14
1.4.1 SynthesisandCharacterization 14
1.4.2 FunctionalizationofGrapheneandGrapheneOxide 17
1.4.3 ProspectsandChallenges 18
1.5 SummaryandOutlook 20
References 21
2 IdentificationandDetectionofCarbonNanomaterialsinBiological
Systems 29
HaifangWang,Zheng-MeiSong,Yi-FanYang,AonengCao,andYuanfangLiu
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 AvailableTechniquesforQualitativeandQuantitative
Determination 30
2.2.1 OpticalMicroscopicObservation 30
2.2.2 ElectronMicroscopic(EM)Observation 31
2.2.3 RamanSpectroscopicMeasurement 33
2.2.4 FluorescenceAnalysis 36
2.2.4.1 IntrinsicFluorescenceAnalysis 36
2.2.4.2 LabeledFluorescenceAnalysis 39
2.2.5 IsotopeLabelingMethod 39
2.2.5.1 RadioisotopeLabeling 40
2.2.5.2 StableIsotopeLabeling 43
2.2.5.3 TipsforIsotopicLabeling 43
2.2.6 ChromatographicTechnique 45
2.2.7 FlowCytometryMethod 45
2.2.8 OtherMethods 46
2.3 SummaryandOutlook 47
Acknowledgments 48
References 48
3 BiodistributionandPharmacokineticsofCarbonNanomaterials
InVivo 55
Sheng-TaoYang,XiaoyangLiu,andJingruXie
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 AmorphousCarbonNanoparticles 55
3.2.1 UltrafineCarbonParticles 56
3.2.2 CarbonNanoparticles 58
3.2.3 CarbonDots 59
3.3 sp2CarbonNanomaterials 62