Biomechanics of Feeding in Vertebrates

371 Pages·1994·21.316 MB·English

by  C. Gans (auth.), Vincent L. Bels, Michel Chardon, Pierre Vandewalle (eds.)

Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology 18
Editor-in-chief
R. Gilles, Liege
Editorial Board
P.J. Butler, Birmingham
R. Greger, Freiburg
Ch.P. Mangum, Williamsburg
G.N. Somero, Corvallis
K. Takahashi, Tokyo
R.E. Weber, Aarhus
Volumes already published
Vol. 5: From the Contents: Osmoregulation - Chemoreception -
Temperature - Spectroscopy - Metalloproteins
Prostaglandins (Eicosanoids) -
Maternal-Fetal Relationships (1989)
Vol. 6: Vertebrate Gas Exchange: From Environment to Cell
Edited by R.G. Boutilier (1990)
Vol. 7: From the Contents: Protein Turnover
Xenobiotic Metabolism Lipoproteins (1991)
Vol. 8: From the Contents: Dormancy in Aquatic Invertebrates
Root Effect - Red Blood Cell Functions in Fish -
Diving Mammals (1991)
Vol. 9: Volume and Osmolality Control in Animal Cells
Edited by R. Gilles, E.K. Hoffmann and L. Bolis (1991)
Vol. 10: Comparative Aspects of Mechanoreceptor Systems
Edited by F. Ito (1992)
Vol. 11: Mechanics of Animal Locomotion
Edited by R.McN. Alexander (1992)
Vol. 12: Muscle Contraction and Cell Motility:
Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Edited by H. Sugi (1992)
Vol. 13: Blood and Tissue Oxygen Carriers
Edited by Ch.P. Mangum (1992)
Vol. 14: Interaction of Cell Volume and Cell Function
Edited by F. Lang and D. Hiiussinger (1993)
Vol. 15: From the Contents: Salivary Gland Secretion -
Nematocyst Discharge - Physiological Adaptations
in Decapodan Crustaceae - Steroid-Sensitive
Areas Mediating Reproductive Behaviours (1993)
Vol. 16: Ion Transport in Vertebrate Colon
Edited by W. Clauss (1993)
Vol. 17: Effects of High Pressure on Biological Systems
Edited by A.G. Macdonald (1993)
Vol. 18 : Biomechanics of Feeding in Vertebrates
Edited by V.L. Bels, M. Chardon and P. Vandewalle (1994)
Volume in preparation
Vol. 19: Electrogenic Chloride Transporters in Biological Membranes
Edited by G.A. Gerencser
Advances in
Comparative
and Environmental
Physiology 18
Biomechanics of Feeding in Vertebrates
Guest Editors:
V.L. Bels . M. Chardon · P. Vandewalle
With Contributions by
P. Aerts • V.L. Bels • T.W. Beneke • H. Berkhoudt . M. Chardon
A.W. Crompton • F. De Vree . P. Dullemeijer . J.-P. Ewert
T.R. Frazzetta· C. Gans· S.W. Herrlng· A. Huyssene· K.V. Kardong
G.V. Lauder . S.M. Reilly . E. Schiirg-Pfeiffer • W.W. Schwippert
D.N. Stern· J.c. Vanden Berge . P. Vandewalle • W. Verraes
A. Weerasuriya . W.A. Weijs . C.B. Wood • G.A. Zweers
With 94 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Guest Editors:
Prof. VINCENT L. BELS
Institut Agricole
Centre Agronomique de Recherches
Appliquees du Hainaut
rue Paul Pastur, 11
B-7800 Ath, Belgique
Prof. MICHEL CHARDON
Morphologie Fonctionnelle
Institut Ed. Van Beneden
Universite de Liege
Quai Van Beneden, 22
B-4020 Liege, Belgique
Dr. PIERRE VANDEWALLE
Morphologie Fonctionnelle
Institute de Zoologie
Universite de Liege
Quai Van Beneden, 22
B-4020 Liege, Belgique
ISBN 978-3-642-63399-7 ISBN 978-3-642-57906-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-57906-6
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Foreword to the Series
The aim of the series is to provide comprehensive, integrated reviews
giving sound, critical and provocative summaries of our present know
ledge in environmental and comparative physiology, from the molecu
lar to the organismic level.
Living organisms have evolved a widespread range of basic solutions
to cope with the different problems, both organismal and environ
mental, with which they are faced. A clear understanding of these
solutions is of course of fundamental interest for all biologists, zo
ologically or medically oriented. They can be best comprehended in the
framework of the environmental and/or comparative approaches.
These approaches demand either wide surveys of animal forms or a
knowledge of the specific adaptive features of the species considered.
This diversity of requirements, both at the conceptual and technolo
gicallevel, together with the fact that physiology and biochemistry have
long been mainly devoted to the service of medicine, can account for the
fact that these approaches emerged only slowly amongst the other new,
more rapidly growing disciplines of the biological sciences.
The field has now gained the international status it deserves and the
organization of a series devoted to it appeared timely to me in view of
its actual rapid development and of the interest it arouses for a growing
number of biologists, physiologists, and biochemists, independently of
their basic, major orientation.
Liege, Belgium, Spring 1988 Raymond Gilles
List of Editors
Editor-in-Chief
R. Gilles
Laboratory of Animal Physiology
University of Liege
22, Quai Van Beneden
4020 Liege, Belgium
Editorial Board
P.J. Butler G.N. Somero
School of Biological Sciences Department of Zoology
University of Birmingham Oregon State University
P.O. Box 363 Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
Birmingham B15 2TT, England
K. Takahashi
R. Greger
Zoological Institute
Physiologisches Institut
Faculty of Sciences
der Universitat Freiburg
University of Tokyo
Lehrstuhl II
Hongo, Tokyo 113, Japan
Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7
79104 Freiburg, Germany
R.E. Weber
Ch.P. Mangum Zoophysiology Laboratory
Department of Biology University of Aarhus
The College of William & Mary Building 131
Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Preface
Studies on feeding in vertebrates have developed enormously over the
past 20 years and have seen great advances in techniques and theories.
We feel that this is an opportune time to produce an extensive review of
the knowledge in biomechanics interconnected with functional mor
phology and sensori-motor control of this behaviour in aquatic and
terrestrial environments.
Feeding is currently one of the functions that have interested biolo
gists from many disciplines. There is a great deal of diversity in studies
of feeding behaviour. We have attempted to present a book reflecting a
broad series of exciting questions in fundamental biology. Each chapter
helps to elucidate some of the problems and to provide a comprehens
ive discussion of general concepts regarding feeding mechanisms and
designs of vertebrates. In addition, it offers extensive literature on all the
subjects treated in each chapter. We hope that such a review of feeding
biology will be useful for fundamental research and undergraduate or
graduate students.
Many people and organizations have assisted directly and indirectly
during the production of this book. We would like to thank all the
contributors who accepted our invitation to participate in the writing of
this book, in particular, Carl Gans and Piet Dullemeijer who provided
the Introduction and Conclusion for this volume. Their contributions
were of primary importance, emphasizing the continuity of the chap
ters. We are also very grateful to Raymond Gilles for his support as
Series Editor.
Ath, Belgium VINCENT L. BELS
Liege, Belgium MICHEL CHARDON
Winter 1993 PIERRE V ANDEW ALLE
Contents
Introduction . 1
C. Gans
Chapter 1
Functional Properties of the Feeding Musculature
S.w. Herring
1 Introduction ..................... . 5
2 Functional Properties of Individual Muscle Fibers .. 7
3 Fiber Types and Contractile Properties in Vertebrate
Feeding Muscles. 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Chapter 2
Feeding Mechanisms in Sharks and Other Elasmobranchs
T.H. Frazzetta
1 Chondrichthyian Fishes. . 31
2 Elasmobranchs . . . .... 32
3 The Shark Jaw Apparatus 33
4 Feeding Behavior. . . . . . 40
5 Morphomechanics and Function. 44
6 Other Elasmobranchs . 51
7 Conclusions. 53
References 54
Chapter 3
The Pharyngeal Apparatus in Teleost Feeding
P. Vandewalle, A. Huyssene, P. Aerts and W. Verraes
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2 Morphology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3 Role of the Pharyngeal Apparatus in Food Processing. 68
4 Development of the Pharyngeal Jaws. . . . . . . . . . . 80
x Contents
5 Polymorphism and Plasticity of the
Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus. 84
6 Concluding Remarks. 85
References . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Chapter 4
Feeding in Tetrapods
F. De Vree and C. Gans
1 Introduction ..................... . 93
2 Problems and Solutions for Terrestrial Feeding. 95
3 Amphibians: Conflict and Prey Ingestion . 98
4 Reptilian and Mammalian Prey Ingestion . . . . 101
5 Teeth, Crushing and Mastication . . . . . . . . . 102
6 The Adductor Muscles and Their Action Patterns. 109
7 Cycles .. 111
8 Overview. 113
References 113
Chapter 5
Sensorimotor Processes That Underlie Feeding Behavior
in Tetrapods
J.-P. Ewert, T. W. Beneke, E. Schurg-Pfeiffer, W. W. Schwippert
and A. Weerasuriya
1 Behavior Patterns Related to Feeding . . . . . 119
2 Definitions Referring to "Sensori-", "Motor-",
and "Command-". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3 The Motor Part of Prey Snapping in Toads. . 122
4 The Feature-Analyzing Part of Prey Catching. 141
5 A Concept of a Neuronal Circuit for the Tongue Flip. 152
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Chapter 6
Amphibian Feeding Behavior: Comparative Biomechanics
and Evolution
G. V. Lauder and S.M. Reilly
1 Introduction ........ . 163
2 Overview of Feeding Mechanics in Fishes. 164
3 Salamander Feeding Mechanics ...... . 168
4 Frog Feeding Mechanics . . . . . . . . . .. 180
5 Comparative Analysis of Amphibian Feeding. 186
Contents XI
6 Recommendations and Future Directions 190
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Chapter 7
Biomechanics of the Hyolingual System in Squamata
v.L. Bels, M. Chardon and K. V. Kardong
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
2 Functional and Biomechanical Studies of the
Hyolingual System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
3 Evolutionary Comparison of Hyolingual Biomechanics . 234
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Chapter 8
Behavioral Mechanisms of Avian Feeding
G.A. Zweers, H. Berkhoudt and J.e. Vanden Berge
1 Introduction ..................... . 242
2 General Food Acquisition Mechanism: Pecking. ...... . 243
3 Specific Food-Handling Mechanisms: Husking and Storage 248
4 Specific Food Acquisition Mechanisms. 254
5 Sensory Control and Motor Patterning. 264
6 Principles of Avian Food Acquisition. 269
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Chapter 9
Evolutionary Approach of Masticatory Motor Patterns
in Mammals
WA. Weijs
1 Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
2 The Evolutionary Development of the Mammalian
Jaw Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
3 Mammalian Jaw Muscles and Feeding Cycles: Definitions. 285
4 Feeding in Primitive Mammals. 288
5 Bats..... 292
6 Primates.......... 293
7 Carnivores......... 297
8 Ungulate Grinding Type. 300
9 Rodents... 304
10 Discussion. 309
References . . . 314