Biomechanics in sport : performance enhancement and injury prevention

682 Pages·2000·6.239 MB·English

by  Vladimir M Zatsiorsky, IOC Medical Commission., International Federation of Sports Medicine

BIOMECHANICS IN SPORT
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT AND
INJURY PREVENTION
VOLUME IX OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SPORTS MEDICINE
AN IOC MEDICAL COMMISSION PUBLICATION
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IN COLLABORATION WITH THE t
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BIOMECHANICS IN SPORT
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IOC MEDICAL COMMISSION
SUB-COMMISSION ON PUBLICATIONS IN THE SPORT SCIENCES
Howard G. Knuttgen PhD (Co-ordinator)
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Francesco Conconi MD
Ferrara, Italy
Harm Kuipers MD,PhD
Maastricht, The Netherlands
Per A.F.H. Renström MD,PhD
Stockholm, Sweden
Richard H.Strauss MD
Los Angeles, California, USA
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BIOMECHANICS IN SPORT
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT AND
INJURY PREVENTION
VOLUME IX OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SPORTS MEDICINE
AN IOC MEDICAL COMMISSION PUBLICATION
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IN COLLABORATION WITH THE t
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INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SPORrTS MEDICINE
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EDITED BY
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VLADIMIR M. ZATSIpOiRSKY
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© 2000 International Olympic Committee The right of the Authors to be distributors
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First published 2000
BiomechaJnics in sport: performance (Orders: Tel:[phone]
improvement and injury prevention / Fax: [phone])
Set by Graphicraft Limited,Hong Kong
edited by Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky.
Printed and bound in Great Britain
p. cm.—(Volume IX of
at the University Press, Cambridge For further information on
the Encyclopaedia of sports medicine)
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1. Sports—Physiological aspects.
Part title illustration
2. Human mechanics. 3. Sports
by Grahame Baker
injuries. I. Zatsiorsky, Vladimir M.,
1932– II. IOC Medical Commission.
III. International Federation of Sports
Medicine. IV. Encyclopaedia of sports
medicine; v. 10
RC1235 .B476 2000
617.1′027—dc21
99-054566
Contents
List of Contributors, vii Part 2: Locomotion
7 Factors Affecting Preferred Rates of Movement
Forewords, ix y
itn Cyclic Activities, 143
i
sP.E. MARTIN, D.J. SANDERSON AND
Preface, xi
rB.R. UMBERGER
e
v
Part 1: Muscle Action in 8 The Dynamics of Running, 161
i
Sport and Exercise n K.R. WILLIAMS
U
1 Neural Contributions to Changes in
9 Resistive Forces in Swimming, 184
Muscle Strength, 3 g
J.G. SEMMLER AND R.M. ENOKA n A.R. VORONTSOV AND V.A. RUMYANTSEV
i
p
10 Propulsive Forces in Swimming, 205
2 Mechanical Properties and Performancoe in
A.R. VORONTSOV AND V.A. RUMYANTSEV
Skeletal Muscles, 21 k
W. HERZOG n
11 Performance-Determining Factors in
o
Speed Skating, 232
3 Muscle-Tendon Architecture anJd
Athletic Performance, 33 J.J. DE KONING AND G.J. VAN INGEN SCHENAU
J.H. CHALLIS
12 Cross-Country Skiing: Technique, Equipment
and Environmental Factors Affecting
4 Eccentric Muscle Action in Sport and
Performance, 247
Exercise, 56
G.A. SMITH
B.I. PRILUTSKY
5 Stretch–Shortening Cycle of Part 3: Jumping and
Muscle Function, 87 Aerial Movement
P.V. KOMI AND C. NICOL
13 Aerial Movement, 273
M.R. YEADON
6 Biomechanical Foundations of Strength and
Power Training, 103
14 The High Jump, 284
M.C. SIFF
J. DAPENA
v
vi contents
15 Jumping in Figure Skating, 312 Part 5: Injury Prevention and
D.L. KING Rehabilitation
24 Mechanisms of Musculoskeletal Injury, 507
16 Springboard and Platform Diving, 326
R.F. ZERNICKE AND W.C. WHITING
D.I. MILLER
25 Musculoskeletal Loading During Landing, 523
17 Determinants of Successful Ski-Jumping
J.L. MCNITT-GRAY
Performance, 349
P.V. KOMI AND M. VIRMAVIRTA
26 Sport-Related Spinal Injuries and Their
Prevention, 550
Part 4: Throwing and Hitting G.-P. BRÜGGEMANN
18 Principles of Throwing, 365
27 Impact Propagation and its Effects on the
R. BARTLETT
Human Body, 577
19 The Flight of Sports Projectiles, 381 A.S. VOLOSyHIN
t
M. HUBBARD i
28 Neuromsechanics of the Initial Phase of
Eccentrric Contraction-Induced
20 Javelin Throwing: an Approach to e
Muscle Injury, 588
Performance Development, 401 v
K. BARTONIETZ Mni.D. GRABINER
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21 Shot Putting, 435 Part 6: Special Olympic Sports

J. LANKA g
29 Manual Wheelchair Propulsion, 609
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22 Hammer Throwing: Problems and pi L.H.V. VAN DER WOUDE, H.E.J. VEEGER AND
A.J. DALLMEIJER
Prospects, 458 o
K. BARTONIETZ k
30 Sports after Amputation, 637
n
23 Hitting and Kicking, 487 o A.S. ARUIN
B.C. ELLIOTT J

Index, 651
List of Contributors
A.S. ARUIN PhD,Motion Analysis Laboratory, M.D. GRABINER PhD,Department of Biomedical
Rehabilitation Foundation Inc., 26W171 Roosevelt Road, Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid
Wheaton, IL 60189, USA Avenyue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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R.M. BARTLETT PhD,Sport Science Research W.s HERZOG PhD,Faculty of Kinesiology, The
Institute, , Collegiate Hall, rUniversity of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary,
e
Sheffield S10 2BP, UK Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
v
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K. BARTONIETZ PhD,Olympic Training Center nM. HUBBARD PhD,Department of Mechanical and
Rhineland-Palatinate/Saarland, Am Sportzentrum 6, 67105U Aeronautical Engineering, University of California, Davis,
Schifferstadt,Germany CA 95616, USA
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G.-P. BRÜGGEMANN PhD,Deutsche n G.J. van INGEN SCHENAU PhD,Institute
Sporthochschule Köln, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Kölpni, for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences,
Germany Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit
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Amsterdam,The Netherlands (Professor G.J. van Ingen
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J.H. CHALLIS PhD,Biomechanics Laboratory, Schenau unfortunately passed away during the production
n
Department of Kinesiology, 39 Rec. Hall, The Pennsylvania of this volume.)
o
State University, University Park, PA 16802-3408, USA
J
D.L. KING PhD,Department of Health and Human

A.J. DALLMEIJER PhD,Institute for Fundamental Development, Montana State University,Bozeman, MT
and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Human 59717,USA
Movement Sciences, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdam, The
Netherlands P.V. KOMI PhD,Neuromuscular Research Centre,
Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of
J. DAPENA PhD,Biomechanics Laboratory, Jyväskylä, 40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University,
Bloomington, IN 47405, USA J.J. de KONING PhD,Institute for Fundamental and
Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Human
B. ELLIOTT PhD,The Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The
Movement and Exercise Science, The University of Western Netherlands
Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6907, Australia
J. LANKA PhD,Department of Biomechanics, Latvian
R.M. ENOKA PhD,Department of Kinesiology and Academy of Sport Education, Brivibas 333, Riga LV-1006,
Applied Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Latvia
80309-0354, USA
vii
viii list of contributors
P.E. MARTIN PhD,Exercise and Sport Research H.E.J. VEEGER PhD,Institute for Fundamental and
Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Human
USA Movement Sciences, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdam, The
Netherlands
J.L. McNITT-GRAY PhD,Biomechanics Research
Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, University of M. VIRMAVIRTA PhLic,Neuromuscular Research
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0652, USA Centre, Department of Biology of Physical Activity,
University of Jyväskylä, 40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
D.I. MILLER PhD,School of Kinesiology, Faculty of
Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, A.S. VOLOSHIN PhD,Department of Mechanical
Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada Engineering and Mechanics, Institute for Mathematical
Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Lehigh University,
C. NICOL PhD,UMR 6559 Mouvement & Perception, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté des Sciences
du Sport, 163, avenue de Luminy CP 910, F-13288 Marseille A.R. VORONTSOV PhD,Department of
Cedex 9, France Swimming, Russian State Academy of Physical Culture, 4
Sirenevy Boulevyard,Moscow 105122, Russian Federation
B.I. PRILUTSKY PhD,Center for Human Movement t
i
Studies, Department of Health and Performance Sciences, W.C. WHsITING PhD,Department of Kinesiology,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA California rState University, Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff
e
Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8287 USA
V.A. RUMYANTSEV PhD,Department of v
i
Swimming, Russian State Academy of Physical Culture, 4 K.R.n WILLIAMS PhD,Department of Exercise
Sirenevy Boulevard, Moscow 105122, Russian Federation ScUience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA

D.J. SANDERSON PhD,School of Human Kinetics, Lg.H.V. van der WOUDE PhD,Institute for
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British nFundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences,
Columbia,V6T 1Z1, Canada iFaculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit
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Amsterdam,The Netherlands
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J.G. SEMMLER PhD,Department of Kinesiology and
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Applied Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO M.R. YEADON PhD,Department of Sports Science,
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80309-0354, USA Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough,
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LE11 3TU, UK
J
M.C. SIFF PhD,School of Mechanical Engineering,

University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa V.M. ZATSIORSKY PhD,Department of
Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University
G.A. SMITH PhD,Biomechanics Laboratory, Park, PA 16802, USA
Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA R.F. ZERNICKE PhD,Faculty of Kinesiology,
University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary,
B.R. UMBERGER MS,Exercise and Sport Research AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
Institute, Arizona State University,Tempe, Arizona 85287,
USA