Biomechanics in Ergonomics, Second Edition

744 Pages·2007·8.33 MB·English

by  Shrawan Kumar

Kumar/Biomechanicsinergonomics,secondedition 7908_C000 FinalProof page i 9.11.2007 2:03pm CompositorName:BMani
Biomechanics
in
Ergonomics
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Kumar/Biomechanicsinergonomics,secondedition 7908_C000 FinalProof page ii 9.11.2007 2:03pm CompositorName:BMani
Kumar/Biomechanicsinergonomics,secondedition 7908_C000 FinalProof page iii 9.11.2007 2:03pm CompositorName:BMani
Biomechanics
in
Ergonomics
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Edited by
Shrawan Kumar
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20131113
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-7909-3 (eBook - PDF)
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Contents
Prefaceto the Second Edition......................................................................................................ix
Editor.............................................................................................................................................xiii
Contributors..................................................................................................................................xv
Section I: General
Chapter 1 Theoriesof occupational musculoskeletal injury causation..............................3
Shrawan Kumar
Chapter 2 Anthropometry and biomechanics: anthromechanics......................................41
Karl H.E.Kroemer
Chapter 3 Mechanical exposure assessment in the design ofwork.................................89
W. Patrick NeumannandRichard Wells
Section II: TissueBiomechanics
Chapter 4 Tissue mechanics of ligaments and tendons...................................................109
Savio L-Y. Woo, Tan D.Nguyen, Noah Papas, and Rui Liang
Chapter 5 Ligamentsprains and healing............................................................................131
RichardS. Boorman, NigelG.Shrive, LindaL. Marchuk,
and Cyril B.Frank
Chapter 6 Bone biomechanics and fractures......................................................................149
StefanJudex,GavinOlender,William C. Whiting, and RonaldZernicke
Chapter 7 Determinantsof muscle strength......................................................................169
WalterHerzog
Section III: Upper Extremity
Chapter 8 Functionalanatomy of the upper limb (extremity)........................................205
Anil H.Walji
Chapter 9 Hand grasping, finger pinching, and squeezing.............................................271
Sheik N. Imrhan
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vi Biomechanics in ergonomics,second edition
Chapter10 Hand tools..........................................................................................................287
AnilMital,Anand Subramanian, andArunkumar Pennathur
Chapter11 Biomechanics of gloves.....................................................................................333
Ram R. Bishu, V.Gnaneswaran,andDahai Liu
Chapter12 Work and activity-related musculoskeletaldisorders
of the upperextremity......................................................................................345
RichardWellsandPeter Keir
Chapter13 ACGIH TLV for hand activity level................................................................359
Thomas J. Armstrong
Chapter14 Biomechanicalmodelsof the hand, wrist, and elbow in ergonomics.......373
RichardE. Hughes and Kai-Nan An
Section IV: Shoulderand Neck
Chapter15 Biomechanicalmodeling of the shoulderanatomy......................................395
Krystyna Gielo-Perczak and John Rasmussen
Chapter16 Whiplash injuries:in vitrostudies..................................................................405
Narayan Yoganandan, Brian D.Stemper,Frank A.Pintar,
and Raj D.Rao
Chapter17 Whiplash injuries:in vivo studies...................................................................443
Robert Ferrari
Section V:Low Back
Chapter18 Low back disorders...........................................................................................469
EdgarRamos Vieira
Chapter19 Models in manual materials handling............................................................495
Jeffrey C. Woldstad,M.M. Ayoub,andJamesL. Smith
Chapter20 Revised NIOSH liftingequation......................................................................531
Thomas R. Waters
Section VI: WholeBody Biomechanics
Chapter21 Whole bodyvibration.......................................................................................565
Judy Villageand JamesB.Morrison
Chapter22 Cumulative load and models...........................................................................597
Shrawan Kumar
Chapter23 Posture.................................................................................................................633
Stephan Konz
Chapter24 Biomechanics in work seating design.............................................................647
Jörgen Eklund
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Contents vii
Chapter 25 Biomechanics during ladder and stair climbing and
walking on rampsand other irregularsurfaces............................................657
Andrew S. Merryweather and Donald S.Bloswick
Chapter 26 Slips,trips, and falls..........................................................................................679
RaoulGrönqvist
Index..............................................................................................................................................711
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Preface to the Second Edition
Twoofthethreemaingoalsofergonomicsarecomfort,andhealthandsafetyofworkers.
These two goals are mutually complementary and address the progression of potential
undesirable consequences of hazards. If health and safety are in jeopardy, the feeling, in
most cases, will pass through a zone of discomfort. In a large number of occupational
settings such progression is commonplace. Work is unavoidable as it is essential to
maintain the socioeconomic fabric. With the advent, permeation, and proliferation of
technology in ever-increasing complexity of sociological structures, the magnitude and
duration of work-related activities and, hence, stresses have progressively increased. To
meettheincreasingneedsanddemandsofpeople,workactivitiesneedtobeincreasingly
repeated for enhanced productivity. This hybrid evolutionary context (biological and
socioeconomic) poses hazards of overexertion and injury by stressing the same structures
repeatedly. The precipitation of all injuries, in final analysis, is a biomechanical perturb-
ationofthetissueortheorganinvolved.Thereforeforphysicalergonomics,biomechanics
isanessentialandintegralpartofthediscipline.Applicationofbiomechanicsinergonom-
ics has been common at the entire organ or whole body level. Less commonly it has been
appliedatthetissuelevel.Therefore,thisbookhastakentheapproachofprogressingfrom
tissueto organ and organ structure, and finallyto the entireorganism.
In Chapter 1, Kumar presents his theories with respect to musculoskeletal injury
causation. It is hoped that this chapter will put forthcoming material in perspective by
discussing various variables that may have a role to play in injury causation. He distin-
guishes between injuries and disorders, indicating how genetic predisposition, morpho-
logicalvulnerability,andpsychosocialsusceptibilitymayfacilitatethecausationofinjury;
however,onlybiomechanicalhazardshelpprecipitateit.Followingonfromthistheme,he
proposes a methodology to assess quantitatively the biomechanical factors and their
impact on the risk of injury. The same methodology can be used as a tool for control of
these occupational injuries. Such an initial conceptual perspective will help the reader to
piecetogetherinformationinsubsequentchaptersforanintegratedunderstanding.Inthis
generalsection(SectionI),twootherchapterswithwidescopeandgeneralapplicationare
presented. In Chapter 2, Kroemer weaves the human physical measures into the techno-
logyofbiomechanics.Nearlyallbiomechanicalsituationshavetotakeintoaccounthuman
form and function. This chapter allows to enhance the fidelity of biomechanical applica-
tion. In Chapter 3, Neumann and Wells address the central ergonomics theme of assess-
ment of biomechanical exposures to the human body.
SectionIIdealswithtissuebiomechanics.InChapter4,Wooetal.describethestructure
andmechanicsofligamentsandtendons.Thesearethemostcommonlyinjuredconnective
tissues. While they mostly deal with complete injuries to these tissues, they also mention
the significance of partial injuries. Boorman et al. on the other hand, in describing and
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