Biomass for Sustainable Applications: Pollution Remediation and Energy

430 Pages·2013·9.77 MB·English

by  Sarra Gaspard

Biomass for Sustainable Applications
Pollution Remediation and Energy
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RSC Green Chemistry
Series Editors:
James H Clark, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK
1 GeorgeAKraus,DepartmentofChemistry,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,Iowa,USA
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P0 Andrzej Stankiewicz, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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2- Peter Siedl, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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71 Yuan Kou, Peking University, People’s Republic of China
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18 Titles in the Series:
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97 1: The Future of Glycerol: New Uses of a Versatile Raw Material
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3 2: Alternative Solvents for Green Chemistry
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0.1 3: Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Fine Chemicals
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oi: 4: Sustainable Solutions for Modern Economies
g | d 5: Chemical Reactions and Processes under Flow Conditions
or 6: Radical Reactions in Aqueous Media
sc. 7: Aqueous Microwave Chemistry
bs.r 8: The Future of Glycerol: 2nd Edition
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http://p 9: TBrioagnaspsoarntdatBioinodBieiosefulels: Novel Pathways for the Production of Ethanol,
n 10: Alternatives to Conventional Food Processing
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3 11: Green Trends in Insect Control
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20 12: A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation
er and Applications
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e 13: Challenges in Green Analytical Chemistry
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De 14: Advanced Oil Crop Biorefineries
5 15: Enantioselective Homogeneous Supported Catalysis
. on 0 16: Natural Polymers Volume 1: Composites
ed 17: Natural Polymers Volume 2: Nanocomposites
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blis 18: Integrated Forest Biorefineries
Pu 19:SustainablePreparationofMetalNanoparticles:MethodsandApplications
20: Alternative Solvents for Green Chemistry:2ndEdition
21: Natural Product Extraction: Principles and Applications
22: Element Recoveryand Sustainability
23: Green Materials for Sustainable Water Remediation and Treatment
24: The Economic Utilisation of Food Co-Products
25: Biomassfor Sustainable Applications: Pollution Remediation and Energy
How to obtain future titles on publication:
A standing order plan is available for this series. A standing order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately on publication.
For further information please contact:
BookSalesDepartment,RoyalSocietyofChemistry,ThomasGrahamHouse,
Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK
Telephone: [phone],Fax:[phone]
Email:[email protected]
Visit our website atwww.rsc.org/books
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Biomass for Sustainable
Applications
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0 Pollution Remediation and Energy
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97 Edited by
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oi: Universite´desAntillesetdelaGuyane,Guadeloupe,FrenchWestIndies,France
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1 RSCGreenChemistryNo.25
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ber ISBN: 978-1-84973-600-8
m ISSN: 1757-7039
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d o rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2014
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Apartfromfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchfornon-commercialpurposesorfor
privatestudy,criticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatents
Act1988andtheCopyrightandRelatedRightsRegulations2003,thispublicationmaynot
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14 Foreword
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1 Biomass is now widely recognized as a renewable source of carbon for
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oi:1 producing fuels and increasingly for making chemicals. It thus helps address
g | d the great challenge we face of replacing non-sustainable fossil resources to
or make many of the articles we use in modern society. In fact biomass has a
c.
s much wider range of applications, some of which have been known for many
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b years. Two of the other great challenges the world faces—clean water and
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p:// renewable energy—can be partly addressed through the use of biomass and
htt these areas are the subject of this book.
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o Theuseofbiomasstocleanwaterhasbeenusedbymostlylocalcommunities
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01 throughout history. Today the increased levels and increased complexity of
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er pollutants, as well as the increasing demands of a growing population, make
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m the clean water challenge especially great. In particular we need low cost,
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e geographically diverse and effective processes. Biomass can fit these require-
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. on 0 Biosorption, along with biocoagulation and bioflocculation, has many ad-
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e vantagesoverothertechniquesincludingrenewabilityandlowcost.Therearea
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bli vast array of bioresources that can be used in this context including seaweeds,
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P fungi,agriculturalby-products,woodyresidues,grassesandbacteria.Thebook
alsocoverssoilremediation—anothergreatsocietalchallengeasourfertilesoil
levelsdecline.Phytoremediation—theabilityofplantstotakeuppollutants—is
anespeciallyinterestingandpowerfulphenomenonwhichisalreadybeingused
to decontaminate soils, even those contaminated with military explosives! The
removal of hazardous substances is considered along with the mechanisms of
adsorption. Many factors can influence the uptake of pollutants by biomass
includingpH,temperatureandionicstrength.Alloftheseareconsideredinan
attempt to better understand the key biomass–molecule interaction.
Biomass is now a critical part of the renewable energy portfolio. Biomass
burningisanimportantpartoftherenewableenergystrategyinregionssuchas
theEuropeanUnionandmillionsoftonnesofwood,straws,grassesandother
RSCGreenChemistryNo.25
BiomassforSustainableApplications:PollutionRemediationandEnergy
EditedbySarraGaspardandMohamedChakerNcibi
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2014
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
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vi Foreword
lowvaluebiomasswillbeburnttoproduceelectricity.Alongsidethis,biomass
as a feedstock for making liquid biofuels can be expected to continue to grow
with biodiesel now established in many countries, and bioethanol and biobu-
tanol having especially strong roles in regions such as Brazil and Africa.
05 However, we now need to place strong emphasis on second and third gener-
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FP ation biofuels where the feedstocks in no way compromise food production
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4 but add to farmers’ income though use of low-value by-products or create
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3 newbusinessesthroughexploitationofotherresourcessuchasmarinebiomass.
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4 Some of the most interesting and promising of these technologies are
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8 discussed in this book. Bioenergy derived from microorganisms is an exciting
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9/9 opportunity and various metabolic options of bacteria are described here in-
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0 cluding biohydrogen, biomethane and through the use of microbial fuel cells,
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10. bioelectricity.
doi: Hydrogen is one of the most attractive storable energy carriers with a high
g | energycontentandnon-pollutingnature.However,some96%ofthehydrogen
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c. generated today comes from fossil fuels, severely reducing its long-term value
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bs.r and sustainability. Biomass is a real option for the production of renewable
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n The book also extends to more sophisticated energy technologies including
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13 high energy density supercapacitors. Here the ability of biomass to be con-
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er 2 vertedintodifferentformsofcarbons,includingnanotubes,isveryimportant.
mb Biomass has always been used as a resource but perhaps we now better
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5 tainablesolutions we nowseek tothecritical societalchallenge ofhowwe can
. n 0 all eat well, have low cost and abundant clean water, use energy to heat our
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P James Clark
York, UK
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1 Sustainable energy production and good quality water supply are two major
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oi:1 challenges facing modern societies nowadays and for decades ahead. In that
g | d context, renewable biomass presents both a sustainable energy source and an
or alternative to expensive pollution remediation technologies. This book gives
c.
s an overview of the various ways to valorize biomass for energy production
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b and for pollution treatment of contaminated soils and waters. It focuses on
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htt corn, sugarcane or colza oil, but lignocelluloses, bacteria and algae instead.
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o Besides, we could treat any water or soil pollution using renewable and
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01 cheap agro-industrial by-product, algae and fungi.
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er This book was elaborated considering the biological and physiochemical
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e which application(s) could be reserved for each biomass. Thus, different fields
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5 ofapplication,havingbiomassitselfasthelinkbetweenthedifferentsectionsof
. on 0 thepublication.Becausemanyscientificandengineeringdisciplinesaredirectly
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e or indirectly involved in the use of biomass for energetic applications and
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electrochemists and professionals, who are involved in biomass for environ-
mentalandenergeticapplications,willcertainlyfindthewholebookorpartof
it very insightful and useful for discovering possible applications of locally
found biomass(es).
The book is divided into two main parts: part 1 made up of chapters 1 to 5
dealswiththeuseofbiomassforpollutionremediationwhilepart2madeupof
chapters 6 to9 is dedicated to energy production and storage. Chapter 1 deals
with the use of bioresources as an adsorbant for sustainable water treatment
processes. The use of biopolymers produced from different biomasses as nat-
ural flocculants for water treatment to remove different kind of organic and
inorganic pollutant from water streams without prior treatment (i.e. raw
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viii Preface
biomaterials)isalsopresented.Chapter2describesthermochemicaltreatments
to produce highly efficient activated carbons from various biomasses, their
physico-chemicalcharacteristics,andtheirapplicationfortheremovalofheavy
metals or organic pollutants such as dyes. Thus, the use of locally available
07 biomassesforwaterandwastewatertreatmenttechniquesisamajorassetwith
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FP whichtoenhancetheeco-friendlyremovalprocess andtodiminish theoverall
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4 economicchargeandenergydemand.Chapter3examinestheuseofplantsfor
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3 soil remediation and pollution attenuation, and even for soil restoration and
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4 the prevention of groundwater pollution. The main criteria are their natural
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8 abilities of extracting the pollution from the soil and ‘processing’ it via
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9/9 assimilation, degradation or detoxification. Four main aspects of phytor-
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0 emediation: phytostabilisation, phytodegradation, phytovolatilisation and
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10. phytoextraction are investigated. Chapter 4 describes the most promising and
doi: eco-friendly approaches in soil bioremediation using biomass. The role of
g | fungi, bacteria and biomass-derived chemicals such as biosurfactants in these
or
c. approaches is discussed. Chapter 5 presents general approaches of bioreactors
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bs.r usedinwastegasstreamtreatmentsanddetailsthedifferentbiosystemssuchas
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n are discussed.
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13 Chapter 6 describes the wide spectrum of bioenergy that can be
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er 2 harnessed through bacterial metabolism. Diverse bioenergy generation pro-
mb cessesaredepicted:acidogenesis(biohydrogen);methanogenesis(biomethane);
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c electrogenesis through microbial fuel cell (bioelectricity), solventogenesis
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5 (bioethanolandbiobutanol); andbiopolymersynthesis (bioplasticsandlipids)
. n 0 throughmicrobialmetabolism.Chapter7dealswiththevalorisationofplantae
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d and marine biomasses, along with agro-industrial wastes, in producing eco-
e
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blis friendly fuels, bioethanol, biodiesel and biomethane. A number of different
Pu naturalfeedstocksareanalysedfortheiraptitudetoproduceliquidorgaseous
fuels including woods, grasses, algae, agricultural residues, industrial by-
products and household wastes. Chapter 8 introduces recent advances in
photocatalytichydrogenproductionfromwaterandbiomassderivatives,such
asethanol,glycerol,sugarsandmethane,sincehydrogencanbeproducedusing
solar energy and renewable resources. Chapter 9 describes nanoporous car-
bonaceous materials produced from biomass, with a large surface area and
pore volume, and their use in electrochemical storage systems such as
supercapacitors.
We sincerely hope that our contribution throughout this book will be a
valuable asset to researchers, instructors, decision-makers, practising pro-
fessionals, senior undergraduate and graduate students and others interested
in pollution remediation and energy production and storage using renewable
and low-cost bioresources. The book could even be used as a textbook or
reference book for researchers teaching courses dealing with biomass
valorisation.
All the chapters were contributed by professionals from academia and
government laboratories from various countries. The editors thank the Royal
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Preface ix
Society of Chemistry for believing in our book project. We also gratefully ac-
knowledgealltheauthors whohavecontributedtothis bookforsharingtheir
views and research findings with the scientific and professional communities
throughourbook.Theviewsoropinionsexpressedineachchapterofthisbook
07 are those of the authors.
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