Table Of ContentBiomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)
Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture
and Storage (BECCS)
Unlocking Negative Emissions
Edited by
Clair Gough
University of Manchester, UK
Patricia Thornley
University of Manchester, UK
Sarah Mander
University of Manchester, UK
Naomi Vaughan
University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Amanda Lea-Langton
University of Manchester, UK
This edition first published 2018
© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice
on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Clair Gough, Patricia Thornley, Sarah Mander, Naomi Vaughan and Amanda Lea-Langton to be identified as
the author(s) of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Office(s)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Office
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at
www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that appears in
standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow
of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and
evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent,
or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings
and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no
representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically
disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular
purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional
statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/
or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or
services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the
understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained
herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers
should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written
and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial
damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Gough, Clair, editor. | Thornley, Patricia, editor. | Mander, Sarah,
editor. | Vaughan, Naomi, editor. | Lea-Langton, Amanda, editor.
Title: Biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) : unlocking
negative emissions / edited by Clair Gough, Patricia Thornley, Sarah
Mander, Naomi Vaughan, Amanda Lea-Langton.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2018. |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018001038 (print) | LCCN 2018007091 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119237631 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119237686 (epub) | ISBN 9781119237723
(cloth)
Subjects: LCSH: Carbon sequestration. | Biomass energy–Climatic factors. |
Climate change mitigation.
Classification: LCC SD387.C37 (ebook) | LCC SD387.C37 B555 2018 (print) | DDC
577/.144–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018001038
Cover design by Wiley
Cover images © Pobytov/Getty Images
Set in 10/12pt WarnockPro by SPi Global, Chennai, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
List of Contributors xiii
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
List of Abbreviations/Acronyms xxi
Part I BECCS Technologies 1
1 Understanding Negative Emissions From BECCS 3
Clair Gough, Sarah Mander, Patricia Thornley, Amanda Lea‐Langton
and Naomi Vaughan
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Climate‐Change Mitigation 4
1.3 Negative Emissions Technologies 7
1.4 Why BECCS? 8
1.5 Structure of the Book 10
1.5.1 Part I: BECCS Technologies 10
1.5.2 Part II: BECCS System Assessments 12
1.5.3 Part III: BECCS in the Energy System 13
1.5.4 Part IV: Summary and Conclusions 14
References 14
2 The Supply of Biomass for Bioenergy Systems 17
Andrew Welfle and Raphael Slade
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Biomass Resource Demand 18
2.3 Resource Demand for BECCS Technologies 18
2.4 Forecasting the Availability of Biomass Resources 19
2.4.1 Modelling Non‐Renewable Resources 20
2.4.2 Modelling Renewable Resources 21
2.4.2.1 Biomass Resource Modelling 21
2.4.3 Modelling Approaches – Bottom‐Up versus Top‐Down 23
2.5 Methods for Forecasting the Availability of Energy Crop Resources 24
2.6 Forecasting the Availability of Wastes and Residues From Ongoing
Processes 25
vi Contents
2.7 Forecasting the Availability of Forestry Resources 26
2.8 Forecasting the Availability of Waste Resources 27
2.9 Biomass Resource Availability 28
2.10 Variability in Biomass Resource Forecasts 31
2.11 Biomass Supply and Demand Regions, and Key Trade Flows 33
2.11.1 Trade Hub Europe 33
2.11.2 Bioethanol – Key Global Trade Flows 34
2.11.3 Biodiesel – Key Global Trade Flows 34
2.11.4 Wood Pellets – Key Global Trade Flows 35
2.11.5 Wood Chip – Key Global Trade Flows 35
2.12 Global Biomass Trade Limitations and Uncertainty 36
2.12.1 Technical Barriers 36
2.12.2 Economic and Trade Barriers 36
2.12.3 Logistical Barriers 37
2.12.4 Regulatory Barriers 37
2.12.5 Geopolitical Barriers 38
2.13 Sustainability of Global Biomass Resource Production 38
2.13.1 Potential Land‐Use Change Impacts 38
2.13.2 The ‘Land for Food versus Land for Energy’ Question 39
2.13.3 Potential Social Impacts 39
2.13.4 Potential Ecosystem and Biodiversity Impacts 40
2.13.5 Potential Water Impacts 40
2.13.6 Potential Air‐Quality Impacts 41
2.14 Conclusions – Biomass Resource Potential and BECCS 41
References 42
3 Post‐combustion and Oxy‐combustion Technologies 47
Karen N. Finney, Hannah Chalmers, Mathieu Lucquiaud, Juan Riaza,
János Szuhánszki and Bill Buschle
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Air Firing with Post‐combustion Capture 48
3.2.1 Wet Scrubbing Technologies: Solvent‐Based Capture Using Chemical
Absorption 49
3.2.1.1 Amine‐Based Capture 50
3.2.1.2 Steam Extraction for Solvent Regeneration 51
3.2.2 Membrane Separation 51
3.2.3 Brief Overview of Other Separation Methods 52
3.3 Oxy‐Fuel Combustion 52
3.3.1 Oxy‐Combustion of Biomass Using Flue Gas Recirculation 53
3.3.2 Enriched‐Air Combustion 54
3.4 Challenges Associated with Biomass Utilisation Under BECCS Operating
Conditions 55
3.4.1 Impacts of Biomass Trace Elements on Post‐combustion Capture
Performance 55
3.4.1.1 Alkali Metals 55
3.4.1.2 Transition Metals 56
3.4.1.3 Acidic Elements 57
Contents vii
3.4.1.4 Particulate Matter 57
3.4.1.5 Biomass‐Specific Solvents for Post‐combustion BECCS 57
3.4.2 Biomass Combustion Challenges for Oxy‐Fuel Capture 58
3.4.2.1 Fuel Milling 59
3.4.2.2 Flame Temperature 59
3.4.2.3 Heat Transfer 59
3.4.2.4 Particle Heating, Ignition and Flame Propagation 59
3.4.2.5 Burnout 60
3.4.2.6 Emissions 60
3.4.2.7 Corrosion 60
3.5 Summary and Conclusions: Synopsis of Technical Knowledge
and Assessment of Deployment Potential 61
References 63
4 Pre‐combustion Technologies 67
Amanda Lea‐Langton and Gordon Andrews
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 The Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) 68
4.3 Gasification of Solid Fuels 69
4.4 Carbon Dioxide Separation Technologies 76
4.4.1 Physical Absorption 76
4.4.2 Adsorption Processes 77
4.4.3 Clathrate Hydrates 77
4.4.4 Membrane Technologies 77
4.4.5 Cryogenic Separation 78
4.4.6 Post‐combustion Chilled Ammonia 78
4.5 Chemical Looping Processes 78
4.6 Existing Schemes 79
4.7 Modelling of IGCC Plant Thermal Efficiency With and Without
Pre‐combustion CCS 80
4.8 Summary and Research Challenges 85
References 87
5 Techno‐economics of Biomass‐based Power Generation with CCS
Technologies for Deployment in 2050 93
Amit Bhave, Paul Fennell, Niall Mac Dowell, Nilay Shah and Richard H.S. Taylor
5.1 Introduction 94
5.2 Case Study Analysis 101
Acknowledgements 113
References 113
Part II BECCS System Assessments 115
6 Life Cycle Assessment 117
Temitope Falano and Patricia Thornley
6.1 Introduction 117
viii Contents
6.2 Rationale for Supply‐Chain Life‐Cycle Assessment 117
6.3 Variability in Life‐Cycle Assessment of Bioenergy Systems 120
6.3.1 Variability Related to Scope of System 120
6.3.1.1 Land‐Use Emissions 120
6.3.1.2 Land‐Use Change Emissions 121
6.3.1.3 Indirect Land‐Use Change Emissions 121
6.3.2 Variability Related to Methodology 122
6.3.3 Variability Related to System Definition 122
6.3.4 Variability Related to Assumptions 122
6.4 Published LCAs of BECCS 123
6.5 Sensitivity Analysis of Reported Carbon Savings to Key System
Parameters 124
6.5.1 Impact of CO Capture Efficiency 124
2
6.5.2 Variation of Energy Requirement Associated with CO Capture 125
2
6.5.3 Variation of Biomass Yield 125
6.6 Conclusions 125
References 126
7 System Characterisation of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Systems 129
Geoffrey P. Hammond
7.1 Introduction 129
7.1.1 Background 129
7.1.2 The Issues Considered 131
7.2 CCS Process Characterisation, Innovation and Deployment 131
7.2.1 CCS Process Characterisation 131
7.2.2 CCS Innovation and Deployment 133
7.3 CCS Options for the United Kingdom 135
7.4 The Sustainability Assessment Context 136
7.4.1.1 The Environmental Pillar 136
7.4.1.2 The Economic Pillar 137
7.4.1.3 The Social Pillar 137
7.5 CCS Performance Metrics 138
7.5.1 Energy Analysis and Metrics 138
7.5.2 Carbon Accounting and Related Parameters 139
7.5.3 Economic Appraisal and Indicators 140
7.6 CCS System Characterisation 141
7.6.1 CO Capture 141
2
7.6.1.1 Technical Exemplars 141
7.6.1.2 Energy Metrics 141
7.6.1.3 Carbon Emissions 142
7.6.1.4 Economic Indicators 145
7.6.2 CO Transport and Clustering 147
2
7.6.3 CO Storage 149
2
7.6.3.1 Storage Options and Capacities 149
7.6.3.2 Storage Site Risks, Environmental Impacts and Monitoring 150
7.6.3.3 Storage Economics 152
7.6.4 Whole CCS Chain Assessment 153
