Biomarkers for Antioxidant Defense and Oxidative Damage: Principles and Practical Applications

364 Pages·2010·8.04 MB·English

Biomarkers for
Antioxidant Defense and
Oxidative Damage:
Principles and
Practical Applications
Biomarkers for Antioxidant Defense and Oxidative Damage: Principles and Practical Applications
Edited by Giancarlo Aldini, Kyung-Jin Yeum, Estuo Niki, and Robert M. Russell
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing. ISBN: 978-0-813-81535-0
Biomarkers for
Antioxidant Defense and
Oxidative Damage:
Principles and
Practical Applications
Edited By
Giancarlo Aldini
Kyung-Jin Yeum
Etsuo Niki
Robert M. Russell
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
Edition fi rst published 2010
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biomarkers for antioxidant defense and oxidative damage : principles and practical applications /
edited by Giancarlo Aldini . . . [et al.].
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8138-1535-0 (hardback : alk. paper)
1. Antioxidants. 2. Oxidative stress. 3. Active oxygen. 4. Biochemical markers.
I. Aldini, Giancarlo.
[DNLM: 1. Biological Markers. 2. Antioxidants–physiology. 3. Oxidative
Stress–physiology. QW 541 B6159 2010]
RB170.B566 2010
613.2′86–dc22
2010011386
ISBN 9780813815350
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
Set in 9.5 on 11 pt Times New Roman by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
Printed in Singapore
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1 2010
Contents
Preface vii
Contributors ix
1. Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress: An Overview 3
Kyung-Jin Yeum, Robert M. Russell, and Giancarlo Aldini
2. Enzymatic Antioxidant Defenses 21
Sayuri Miyamoto, Hirofumi Arai, and Junji Terao
3. Antioxidants as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress 35
Ikuyo Ichi and Shosuke Kojo
4. LDL Oxidation as a Biomarker of Antioxidant Status 51
Mohsen Meydani, EunHee Kong, and Ashley Knight
5. The Isoprostanes: Accurate Markers and Potent Mediators of Oxidant Injury
in Vivo 65
Joshua D. Brooks, Brian E. Cox, Klarissa D. Hardy, Stephanie C. Sanchez,
Sonia Tourino, Tyler H. Koestner, Jocelyn R. Hyman-Howard, and Ginger L. Milne
6. Hydroxyoctadecadienoic Acid (HODE) as a Marker of Linoleic
Acid Oxidation 85
Yasukazu Yoshida and Etsuo Niki
7. Oxysterols: Potential Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress 99
Luigi Iuliano and Ulf Diczfalusy
8. Lipid Peroxidation Originating α,β-unsaturated Aldehydes and Their Metabolites
as Biomarkers 117
Françoise Guéraud
v
vi Contents
9. Oxidative Modifi cation of Proteins: An Overview 137
Paul J. Thornalley and Naila Rabbani
10. Immunochemical Detection of Lipid Peroxidation-specifi c Epitopes 157
Koji Uchida
11. Mass Spectrometric Strategies for Identifi cation and Characterization of
Carbonylated Peptides and Proteins 173
Marina Carini and Marica Orioli
12. Nitrotyrosine: Quantitative Analysis, Mapping in Proteins, and Biological
Signifi cance 199
José M. Souza, Silvina Bartesaghi, Gonzalo Peluffo, and Rafael Radi
13. Ubiquitin Conjugates: A Sensitive Marker of Oxidative Stress 219
Fu Shang and Allen Taylor
14. Covalent Modifi cations of Albumin Cys34 as a Biomarker of Mild Oxidative
Stress 229
Giancarlo Aldini, Kyung-Jin Yeum, and Giulio Vistoli
15. Protein S-glutathionylation and S-cysteinylation 243
Graziano Colombo, Aldo Milzani, Roberto Colombo, and Isabella Dalle-Donne
16. DNA Oxidation, Antioxidant Effects, and DNA Repair Measured with the
Comet Assay 261
Mária Dušinská and Andrew R. Collins
17. Hydroxylated Nucleotides: Measurement and Utility as Biomarkers for DNA
Damage, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Effi cacy 283
Phyllis E. Bowen
18. Exocyclic DNA Adducts as Biomarkers of Antioxidant Defense and
Oxidative Stress 319
Roger W.L. Godschalk
Index 333
Preface
Oxidative damage is known to be associated with the aging process and various chronic dis-
eases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, cataract, macular degeneration, and Alzheimer ’ s disease.
Oxidative damage may be either a cause or an effect; therefore, its accurate measurement using
sensitive and specifi c biomarker is greatly needed by the scientifi c community. When oxidative
damage acts as a causative factor of disease, its biomarkers can be a useful tool to better
understand the pathogenic mechanisms involved, fi nd novel drug targets, and evaluate effective
defense strategies such as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, or food and derivatives. When
oxidative stress is the disease ’ s effect, its measurement could provide early prediction of the
onset and progression for the disease. Hence, oxidative stress biomarkers can be used for
diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment effi cacy.
Although signifi cant methodological advances have been made since the development of
thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total carbonyl assays, which were widely
used in 1980s and 1990s for measuring oxidative damage, the achievement of a gold standard
method to determine antioxidant defense/oxidative damage status is not yet at hand. The devel-
opment and application of various biomarkers for measuring antioxidant defense/oxidative
damage is an evolving research area. Biomarkers of oxidative damage can be classifi ed as either
direct or indirect methods. Direct methods measure the oxidation products involving substrates
such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Indirect methods measure antioxidant status by
analyzing endogenous levels of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, as well as the resis-
tance of a biological matrix to an induced oxidative stress.
This book describes the methodological principles of current state - of - the - art methods for
measuring antioxidant activity/oxidative stress and their practical applications. In particular,
the fi rst three chapters describe conventional biomarkers as well as recent advances for measur-
ing antioxidants and antioxidant capacity. Basic concepts and methodologies of widely used
assays and their applications are critically evaluated. In addition, factors affecting antioxidant
capacity in a biological system as well as the biological relevance of hydrophilic and lipophilic
capacity assays are discussed.
Determination of oxidative damage using lipid peroxidation products and metabolites
is covered in chapters 4 through 7 . In particular the following specifi c biomarkers for
lipid peroxidation are considered: isoprostanes (arachidonic acid C20:4 oxidation products),
vii
viii Preface
hydroxyloctadecaenoic acid (linoleic acid C18:2 oxidation products), oxysterols (cholesterol
oxidation products), and reactive carbonyl species from lipid peroxidation. Chapters 9 through
11 cover an outstanding area in biomarker discovery, that of protein oxidation. After an intro-
duction on oxidative modifi cations of proteins, recent advances in the measurement of carbon-
yls adducted proteins by antibodies and mass spectrometry are discussed. These chapters are
followed by discussions of the recent development on protein tyrosine nitration (Chapter 12 )
and ubiquitin - conjugates (Chapter 13) to determine mild and severe oxidative damage.
Biomarkers that have recently been developed thanks to cutting - edge technology, which deter-
mines oxidative modifi cations of protein thiols, are presented in chapters 14 and 15 .
Well recognized biomarkers as well as recently developed biomarkers for DNA oxidative
damage and their application in humans are discussed in chapters 16 through 18 . In particular,
methodological aspects for the measurement of DNA oxidation (comet assay, hydroxylated
nucleotides, and exocyclic DNA adducts) are described, together with their implication in rela-
tion to chronic diseases.
We believe that the current book will be of a great interest to scientists who are involved
in basic research on oxidation, applied scientists evaluating the effects of nutraceuticals or
pharmaceutical compounds on antioxidant activity/oxidative status, and physicians who want
to understand the degree of oxidative damage in patients with specifi c chronic diseases.
Contributors
Giancarlo Aldini
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche “ Pietro Pratesi ”
Universit à degli Studi di Milano
Via L. Mangiagalli 25
20133 Milan, Italy
[email protected]
Hirofumi Arai
Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry
Kitami Institute of Technology
Koen - cho 165
Kitami 090 - 8507, Japan
[email protected] - it.ac.jp
Silvina Bartesaghi
Departamento de Histolog í a, Departamento de Bioqu í mica, and Center for Free Radical and
Biomedical Research
Facultad de Medicina
Universidad de la Rep ú blica
Avda. General Flores 2125
11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
[email protected]
Phyllis E. Bowen
Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition
University of Illinois at Chicago, m/c 994
Chicago, IL 60612 USA
[email protected]
Joshua D. Brooks
Department of Pharmacology
University of California San Diego
San Diego, CA 92093 USA
[email protected]
ix
x Contributors
Marina Carini
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche “ Pietro Pratesi ”
Universit à degli Studi di Milano
Via L. Mangiagalli 25
20133 Milan, Italy
[email protected]
Andrew R. Collins
Department of Nutrition
University of Oslo
PB 1046 Blindern
0316 Oslo, Norway
[email protected]
Graziano Colombo
Department of Biology
University of Milan
Via Celoria 26
20133 Milan, Italy
[email protected]
Roberto Colombo
Department of Biology
University of Milan
Via Celoria 26
20133 Milan, Italy
[email protected]
Brian E. Cox
Division of Clinical Pharmacology
Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Nashville, TN 37232 USA
[email protected]
Isabella Dalle - Donne
Department of Biology
University of Milan
via Celoria 26
20133 Milan, Italy
[email protected]
Ulf Diczfalusy
Karolinska Institutet
Department of Laboratory Medicine
Division of Clinical Chemistry
Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge C1.74 SE - 141
86 Stockholm, Sweden
[email protected]
Contributors xi
M á ria Du š insk á
CEE Health Effects Group
Norwegian Institute for Air Research
PB 100 2027 Kjeller, Norway
[email protected]
and
Department of Experimental and Applied Genetics
Slovak Medical University
Limbova 12 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
Roger W.L. Godschalk
Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology
Maastricht University
Universiteissingel 50
6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
[email protected]
Fran ç oise Gu é raud
INRA Institut National de la Recherche
Argonomigue, UMR 1089 X é nobiotiques BP 93173
31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
[email protected]
Klarissa D. Hardy
Department of Pharmacology
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Nashville, TN 37232 USA
[email protected]
Jocelyn R. Hyman - Howard
Division of Clinical Pharmacology
Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Nashville, TN 37232 USA
[email protected]
Ikuyo Ichi
Department of Health Chemistry
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
The University of Tokyo
Bunkyo - ku, Tokyo 113 - 0033 Japan
[email protected] - tokyo.ac.jp
Luigi Iuliano
Sapienza University of Rome
Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Vascular Medicine
Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry Lab
Corso della Republica 79
04100 Latina, Italy
[email protected]