Table Of Contentxxiii
Contents
Preface
vii
General Principles in Biology
Chapter 1
Can Science Cure the Common Cold?
Introduction to the Scientific Method
1
1.1
The Process of Science
2
The Logic of Hypothesis Testing
3
The Experimental Method
5
Using Correlation to Test Hypotheses
9
Understanding Statistics
11
1.2
Evaluating Scientific Information
14
Information from Anecdotes
14
Science in the News
15
Understanding Science from Secondary Sources
16
1.3
Is There a Cure for The Common Cold?
17
Essay 1.1
The Social Context of Science
7
Chapter Review
18
Chapter 2
The Only Diet You Will Ever Need
Cells and Metabolism
22
2.1
Nourishing Your Body
24
Balancing Nutrients
24
Balancing Energy
32
2.2
Converting Food into Energy
35
The Digestive System
35
Cells
37
Mitochondria
40
Cellular Respiration
40
2.3
Body Fat and Health
43
Evaluating How Much Body Fat Is Healthful
44
Unit One
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Contents
Obesity
46
Anorexia and Bulimia
48
Focus on Fit, Not Fat
50
Essay 2.1
Photosynthesis: How Plants Make Food
42
Chapter Review
50
Chapter 3
Prospecting for Biological Gold
Biodiversity and Classification
54
3.1
The Organization of Life’s Diversity
56
How Diverse Is Life?
57
Kingdoms and Domains
59
3.2
Locating Valuable Species
62
Bacteria and Archaea
62
Protista
63
Animalia
64
Fungi
67
Plantae
69
3.3
Tools of the Bioprospector
70
Fishing for Useful Products
71
Discovering Relationships Among Species
71
Learning from the Shaman
75
Essay 3.1
Understanding Deep Time
68
Essay 3.2
Diversity’s Rocky Road
72
Chapter Review
77
The Genetic Basis of Life
Chapter 4
Are You Only As Smart As Your Genes?
The Science of Inheritance
80
4.1
The Inheritance of Traits
82
The Nature of Genes
83
The Nature of Inheritance
84
A Special Case—Identical Twins
87
Unit Two
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4.2
The Role of Genes in Determining Traits
89
When the Role of Genes Is Clear
89
When the Role of Genes Is Unclear
93
4.3
Genes, Environment, and the Individual
98
The Use and Misuse of Heritability
99
How Do Genes Matter?
102
Essay 4.1
Gregor Mendel
88
Essay 4.2
Why Is the “Nature versus Nurture” Debate So Heated?
103
Chapter Review
104
Chapter 5
Cancer
The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
108
5.1
What Is Cancer?
111
5.2
Cell Division
113
Interphase
114
Mitosis
114
Cytokinesis
116
Control of the Cell Cycle
116
Mutations
116
Risk Factors
121
5.3
Diagnosis and Treatment
125
Biopsy and Surgery
125
Chemotherapy and Radiation
126
Essay 5.1
Cancer Risk and Detection
122
Essay 5.2
Experimental Cancer Therapies
128
Chapter Review
129
Chapter 6
DNA Detective
DNA Structure
and Replication, Meiosis
132
6.1
Chromosomes and DNA
135
Chromosomes
135
DNA Structure
136
6.2
DNA Fingerprinting
139
6.3
How DNA Passes from Parents to Their Children
142
The Meiotic Cell Cycle
142
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Crossing Over and Random Alignment
149
6.4
Pedigrees
152
Essay 6.1
The Many Uses of DNA Fingerprinting
139
Chapter Review
155
Chapter 7
Genetic Engineering
Gene Expression, Genetically Modified
Organisms
158
7.1
Genetic Engineers
160
7.2
Genetic Engineers Can Use Bacteria
to Synthesize Human Proteins
161
Producing rBGH
161
FDA Regulations
169
Basic versus Applied Research
169
7.3
Genetic Engineers Can Modify Foods
170
Why Are Crop Plants Genetically Modified?
170
How Are Crops Genetically Modified?
172
GMOs and Health
174
GM Crops and the Environment
174
7.4
Genetic Engineers Can Modify Humans
177
The Human Genome Project
177
Using Genetic Engineering to Cure Human Disease
179
It May Soon Be Possible to Clone Humans
182
Essay 7.1
Patenting
178
Essay 7.2
Stem Cells
180
Chapter Review
185
Evolution
Chapter 8
Where Did We Come From?
The Evidence for Evolution
188
8.1
What Is Evolution?
190
8.2
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
192
Unit Three
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8.3
Evaluating the Evidence for Evolution
193
The Biological Classification of Humans
196
Does Classification Reflect a Relationship Between Humans
and Apes?
198
Does the Fossil Record Demonstrate a Biological Relationship
Between Humans and Apes?
202
8.4
Evaluating the Hypotheses
209
Essay 8.1
Origin Stories
194
Essay 8.2
The Origin of Life
212
Chapter Review
213
Chapter 9
Evolving a Cure for AIDS
Natural Selection
216
9.1
AIDS and HIV
218
AIDS Is a Disease of the Immune System
218
HIV Causes AIDS
219
The Course of HIV Infection
221
9.2
The Evolution of HIV
222
The Theory of Natural Selection
222
The Natural Selection of HIV
229
9.3
How Understanding Evolution Can Help
Prevent AIDS
229
Combination Drug Therapy Can Slow HIV Evolution
231
Problems with Combination Drug Therapy
233
Magic’s Greatest Trick—Living with HIV
235
Essay 9.1
The Evidence Linking HIV to AIDS
221
Essay 9.2
Our Evolving Enemies
231
Essay 9.3
The Global Impact of HIV
234
Chapter Review
236
Chapter 10
Who Am I?
Species and Races
240
10.1 All Humans Belong to the Same Species
242
The Biological Species Concept
242
The Process of Speciation
244
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10.2 The Race Concept in Biology
248
Humans and the Race Concept
248
Modern Humans: A History
249
Testing the Hypothesis of Human Races
251
Human Races Have Never Been Truly Isolated
255
10.3 Why Human Groups Differ
258
Natural Selection
258
Genetic Drift
262
Assortative Mating and Sexual Selection
264
10.4 The Meaning of Differences Among
Human Populations
264
Essay 10.1
The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
256
Essay 10.2
The Hottentot Venus
265
Chapter Review
267
Health and Disease
Chapter 11
Will Mad Cow Disease Become
an Epidemic?
Immune System, Bacteria,
and Viruses
270
11.1 Infectious Agents
272
Bacteria
273
Viruses
276
Prions
279
11.2 Epidemics
281
Transmission of Infectious Agents
281
11.3 The Body’s Response to Infection: The Immune System
288
Making B and T Cells
290
Immune Response
292
There Is No Immune Response to Prions
294
11.4 Preventing the Spread of Prion Diseases
297
Essay 11.1
Antibotic-resistant Bacteria
276
Essay 11.2
Epidemics: The Plague and Polio
282
Chapter Review
298
Unit Four
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Chapter 12
Gender and Athleticism
Developmental
Biology, Reproductive Anatomy,
and Endocrinology
302
12.1 The Origin of Biological Sex Differences
304
The Endocrine System
304
Sex Differences That Arise During Development
307
12.2 Sex Differences That Do Not Affect Athleticism
310
Producing Sperm Cells
311
Producing Egg Cells
313
Menstruation
316
12.3 Sex Differences That Affect Athleticism
318
Skeletal Differences
319
Differences in Muscle Mass
323
Differences in Body Fat
323
Cardiovascular Differences
324
12.4 Culture Affects Athleticism
325
Essay 12.1
Predicting the Fertile Period by
Diagnosing Ovulation
315
Chapter Review
327
Chapter 13
Attention Deficit Disorder
Brain Structure and Function
330
13.1 The Nervous System
332
13.2 The Brain
336
Cerebrum
337
Cerebellum
338
Brain Stem
338
ADD and Brain Structure and Function
340
13.3 Neurons
341
Neuron Structure
341
Neuron Function
342
Neurotransmission and ADD
346
Ritalin
346
Contents
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13.4 The Environment and ADD
347
Essay 13.1
Recreational Drugs and the Nervous System
348
Chapter Review
353
Ecology and Environment
Chapter 14
Is Earth Experiencing a Biodiversity Crisis?
Ecology and Conservation Biology
356
14.1 The Sixth Extinction
358
Measuring Extinction Rates
359
Nowhere to Live: Human Causes of Extinction
361
14.2 The Consequences of Extinction
367
Loss of Resources
367
Disrupting the Web of Life
370
Biophilia
374
14.3 Saving Species
376
How to Stop a Mass Extinction
376
One Species at a Time
378
Fish versus Humans?
385
Essay 14.1
The Pleistocene Extinctions
362
Essay 14.2
Global Climate Change
368
Chapter Review
386
Chapter 15
Can Earth Support the Human Population?
Population and Plant Growth
390
15.1 Is the Human Population Too Large?
392
Human Population Growth
393
Limits to the Growth of Nonhuman Populations
394
Humans and Earth’s Carrying Capacity
396
15.2 Feeding the Human Population
402
Agriculture Seeks to Maximize Photosynthesis
403
Modern Agriculture and Future Food Production
415
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Contents
Unit Five
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Can We Feed the World Today and Tomorrow?
418
Essay 15.1
398
Essay 15.2
The Green Revolution
414
Chapter Review
420
Appendix A: Metric System Conversions
429
Appendix B: Basic Chemistry for the Biology
Student
429
Answers to Learning the Basics
435
Glossary
441
Credits
455
Index
459
I = PAT
Contents
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