Biology of humans : concepts, applications, and issues

627 Pages·2012·51.013 MB·English

by  Judith Goodenough, Betty McGuire

Biology
of Humans
Concepts, Applications,
and Issues
Fourth Edition
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Biology
of Humans
Concepts, Applications,
and Issues
Judith Goodenough
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Betty McGuire
Cornell University
Fourth Edition
Benjamin Cummings
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Goodenough, Judith.
Biology of humans : concepts, applications, and issues / Judith Goodenough, Betty McGuire. — 4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-321-70702-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Human biology—Textbooks. I. McGuire, Betty. II. Title.
QP34.5.G658 2011
612—dc22
2010033035
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRK—14 13 12 11
ISBN 10: 0-321-70702-8;ISBN 13: 978-0-321-70702-4 (Student edition)
ISBN 10: 0-321-74082-3;ISBN 13: 978-0-321-74082-3 (Exam copy)
ISBN-10: 0-321-74209-5;ISBN-13: 978-0-321-74209-4 (Books a la Carte edition)
Brief Contents
PART I The Organization of the Body
1 Humans in the World of Biology 1 3 The Cell 45
2 Chemistry Comes to Life 14 4 Body Organization and Homeostasis 68
2a SPECIAL TOPIC: Food Safety and Defense 37
PART II Control and Coordination of the Body
5 The Skeletal System 88 8a SPECIAL TOPIC: Drugs and the Mind 144
6 The Muscular System 103 9 Sensory Systems 152
7 Neurons: The Matter of the Mind 116 10 The Endocrine System 173
8 The Nervous System 129 10a SPECIAL TOPIC: Diabetes Mellitus 192
PART III Maintenance of the Body
11 Blood 199 14 The Respiratory System 267
12 The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic 15 The Digestive System 285
Systems 214
15a SPECIAL TOPIC: Nutrition and Weight
12a SPECIAL TOPIC: Cardiovascular Disease 233 Control 301
13 Body Defense Mechanisms 239 16 The Urinary System 312
13a SPECIAL TOPIC: Infectious Disease 258
PART IV Reproduction and Development
17 Reproductive Systems 332 18 Development throughout Life 362
17a SPECIAL TOPIC: Sexually Transmitted 18a SPECIAL TOPIC: Autism Spectrum
Diseases and AIDS 352 Disorders 383
PART V Genes and DNA
19 Chromosomes and Cell Division 392 20 Genetics and Human Inheritance 417
19a SPECIAL TOPIC: Stem Cells—A Repair Kit for 21 DNA and Biotechnology 434
the Body 410 21a SPECIAL TOPIC: Cancer 455
PART VI Evolution and Ecology
22 Evolution and Our Heritage 469 24 Human Population, Limited Resources, and
Pollution 508
23 Ecology, the Environment, and Us 491
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Special Interest
Essays
Environmental Issues
Medicinal Plants and the Shrinking Rain Forest 2
Radon Gas: A Killer That Can Be Stopped 21
Toilet to Tap 28
The Deadly Interaction Between Asbestos and
Lysosomes 60
Noise Pollution 166
Health Issues
Lead Poisoning 206
Environment and Epigenetics 443
Genetically Modified Food 448 Mitochondrial Diseases Cause an Energy Shortage
in Our Bodies 64
The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill 516
Fun in the Sun? 81
Air Pollution and Human Health 519
Acne: The Miseries and Myths 82
Osteoporosis: Fragility and Aging 94
Neurotransmitters and Disease 124
Brain Injury: A Silent Epidemic 135
Hormonal Responses to Stress 187
Ethical Issues
Benefits of Cardiovascular Exercise 227
Rejection of Organ Transplants 253
Anabolic Steroid Abuse 113 Surviving a Common Cold 280
Hormone Therapy 180 Smoking and Lung Disease 282
Kidney Donation and Trafficking 326 Peptic Ulcers 295
Making Babies 373 Urinalysis 320
Trisomy 21 405 Breast Cancer 344
Gene Testing 431 Disparities in Health and Health Care at All Life
Stages 378
Forensic Science, DNA, and Personal Privacy 452
Conducting Research on Our Relatives 478
Maintaining Our Remaining Biodiversity 504
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Detailed
Contents
About the Authors xvii
Preface xviii
PART I THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY 2a Food Safety and Defense 37
1 Foodborne Illnesses 37
Humans in the World of Biology 1
General Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment 37
Common Foodborne Infections 39
Basic Characteristics of All Living Things 1
How Does Food Become Contaminated? 39
Classification by Evolutionary Relationship 4 Methods of Combating Food Contamination 40
Levels of Biological Organization 5 Keeping Food Safe at International and National
Scientific Method 6 Levels 41
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning 9 International Oversight 41
Clinical Trials 9 National Oversight 41
Epidemiological Studies 10 Food Defense and Bioterrorism 41
Critical Thinking to Evaluate Scientific Claims 10 Personal Food Safety 42
Food Selection 42
Environmental Issue
Food Handling and Storage 43
Medicinal Plants and the Shrinking Rain Forest 2
3
The Cell 45
2
Chemistry Comes to Life 14
Eukaryotic Cells Compared with Prokaryotic Cells 45
The Nature of Atoms 14
Cell Size and Microscopy 47
Elements 15
Cell Structure and Function 47
Isotopes and Radioisotopes 15
Plasma Membrane 48
Compounds and Chemical Bonds 17
Plasma Membrane Structure 48
Covalent Bonds 18
Plasma Membrane Functions 49
Ionic Bonds 18
Movement Across the Plasma Membrane 50
The Role of Water in Life 20
Organelles 53
Polarity and Hydrogen Bonds 20
Nucleus 53
Properties of Water 21
Endoplasmic Reticulum 54
Acids and Bases 22
Golgi Complex 54
The pH Scale 22
Lysosomes 54
Buffers 23
Mitochondria 57
Major Molecules of Life 24
Cytoskeleton 58
Carbohydrates 24
Lipids 26 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation in the Generation
Proteins 29 of ATP 59
Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides 32 Cellular Respiration 60
Fermentation 63
Environmental Issues
Radon Gas: A Killer That Can Be Stopped 21 Environmental Issue
Toilet to Tap 28 The Deadly Interaction between Asbestos and Lysosomes 60
Health Issue
Mitochondrial Diseases Cause an Energy Shortage in Our
Bodies 64