Biology for the IB Diploma + CD

760 Pages·2017·38.28 MB·English

by  Clegg, C. J.

Biology
for the IB DIPLOMA
This page intentionally left blank
Biology
for the IB DIPLOMA
C J Clegg
PART OF HACHETTE LIVRE UK
Thecoverimageshowsagreenanole(Anoliscarolinensis),atree-dwellingreptilefoundinpartsofNorthandSouth
Americathatmaygrowtoalengthof20cm.Hereitisperchedmomentarilyuponapitcherplant.Theseactive,agile
carnivoreshavepadsontheirfeetthatenablethemtocling,climbandrunonvirtuallyanysurface,astheyhuntfor
crickets,cockroaches,spidersandmoths.Preyiscaughtinthewidejaws,withtheaidofalong,forkedtongue.Their
skinischaracteristicallyscaly,andtheanole,typicallygreencoloured,canchangeitscolour,astherelatedchameleon
lizardsdo.
Pitcherplantsareexamplesof‘carnivorous’plants;theygrowandcompetewellonsoilstypicallydeficientin
essentialions,suchasnitrates.Thesephotosyntheticorganismstrapinsectsandothertinyanimalsintheirtall-sided
pitchers,linedinternallywithsmooth,down-pointingscales.Whenthe‘prey’diesitdecaysbybacterialaction,aided
byenzymessecretedinthepitcher.Theionsreleasedareactivelyabsorbedintotheplant’scells,enablingessential
metabolicprocessessuchasproteinsynthesis.
This ebook does not include the ancillary material that was included with the printed version of the book
Althougheveryefforthasbeenmadetoensurethatwebsiteaddressesarecorrectattimeofgoingtopress,Hodder
Educationcannotbeheldresponsibleforthecontentofanywebsitementionedinthisbook.Itissometimespossibleto
findarelocatedwebpagebytypingintheaddressofthehomepageforawebsiteintheURLwindowofyourbrowser.
Hachette’spolicyistousepapersthatarenatural,renewableandrecyclableproductsandmadefromwoodgrownin
sustainableforests.Theloggingandmanufacturingprocessesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsof
thecountryoforigin.
Thismaterialhasbeendevelopedindependentlybythepublisherandthecontentisinnowayconnectedwith,nor
endorsedby,theInternationalBaccalaureateOrganization.
Orders:pleasecontactBookpointLtd,130MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144SB.Telephone:[phone].
Fax:[phone].Linesareopen9.00–5.00,MondaytoSaturday,witha24-hourmessageansweringservice.Visit
ourwebsiteatwww.hoddereducation.co.uk.
©C.J.Clegg2007
Firstpublishedin2007by
HodderMurray,animprintofHodderEducation,
partofHachetteLivreUK,
338EustonRoad
LondonNW13BH
Impressionnumber 5 4 3 2
Year 2010 2009 2008
Allrightsreserved.ApartfromanyusepermittedunderUKcopyrightlaw,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced
ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orheld
withinanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisherorunderlicence
fromtheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLimited.Furtherdetailsofsuchlicences(forreprographicreproduction)maybe
obtainedfromtheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLimited,SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS.
Coverphoto©DavidAubrey/SciencePhotoLibrary
IllustrationsbyOxfordDesigners&Illustrators,BarkingDogArt
Typesetin10/12ptGoudyandFrutigerfamiliesbyEricDrewery
PrintedinItaly
AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN:9780340926529
Some figures in the printed version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook for copyright reasons.
Contents
Introduction ix
MatchingchapterswiththeIBDiplomabiologysyllabus xi
Section 1: Standard level and higher level
Chapter 1 Cells – the building blocks 1
(cid:1) Introducingcells 1
(cid:1) Membranes 21
(cid:1) Celldivision 30
Chapter 2 Chemistry of life 37
(cid:1) Chemicalelementsandwater 37
(cid:1) Carbohydrates,lipidsandproteins 44
(cid:1) Enzymes–biologicalcatalysts 52
(cid:1) Nucleicacids 63
(cid:1) Proteinsynthesis 69
Chapter 3 Energy transfer in cells 76
(cid:1) Cellularrespiration–thecontrolledreleaseofenergy 76
(cid:1) Photosynthesis 82
Chapter 4 Genetics 91
(cid:1) Chromosomes,genes,mutationsandmeiosis 91
(cid:1) Chromosomesandthemechanismofinheritance 103
Chapter 5 Genetic engineering and biotechnology 117
(cid:1) Geneticengineeringanditsapplications 117
Chapter 6 Ecology, evolution and biodiversity 137
(cid:1) Communitiesandecosystems 137
(cid:1) Greenhouseeffect 148
(cid:1) Populations 154
(cid:1) Evolution 157
(cid:1) Classification 164
Chapter 7 Human physiology, health and reproduction 178
(cid:1) Nutrition 178
(cid:1) Thetransportsystem 184
(cid:1) Theheartasapump 190
(cid:1) Defenceagainstinfectiousdisease 193
(cid:1) Gaseousexchange 204
(cid:1) Nerves,hormonesandhomeostasis 210
(cid:1) Maintainingaconstantinternalenvironment–homeostasis 217
(cid:1) Reproduction 224
vi Contents
Section 2: Additional higher level
Chapter 8 Nucleic acids and proteins 235
(cid:1) ChromosomestructureandthepackagingofDNA 235
(cid:1) Replication–DNAcopyingitself 240
(cid:1) DNAinproteinsynthesis–thegeneticcode 243
(cid:1) Proteins 254
(cid:1) Enzymes 261
Chapter 9 Energy transfer in cells II 269
(cid:1) Thestepsofaerobiccellularrespiration 269
(cid:1) Thestepsofphotosynthesis 277
(cid:1) Lightandphotosynthesis 287
Chapter 10 Plant science 294
(cid:1) Plantstructureandgrowth 295
(cid:1) Transportinangiosperms 305
(cid:1) Reproductioninfloweringplants 319
Chapter 11 Genetics II 327
(cid:1) Meiosisandgeneticvarietyingametes 327
(cid:1) Dihybridcrossesandgenelinkage 333
(cid:1) Polygenesandcontinuousvariation 343
Chapter 12 Human physiology, health and reproduction II 348
(cid:1) Defenceagainstinfectiousdisease 348
(cid:1) Musclesandmovement 361
(cid:1) Thekidney–excretionandosmoregulation 370
(cid:1) Reproduction 376
Section 3: Options
this section appears in this ebook following the answers and index
Option A Chapter 13 Human nutrition and health 390
(cid:1) Nutrientsofthehumandiet 390
(cid:1) Minerals,vitaminsanddietarysupplements 398
(cid:1) Energyissuesinhumandiets 405
(cid:1) Appetitecontrol 411
(cid:1) Specialissuesinhumannutrition 414
Option B Chapter 14 Physiology of exercise 423
(cid:1) Musclesandmovement 423
(cid:1) Trainingandthepulmonarysystem 423
(cid:1) Trainingandthecardiovascularsystem 427
(cid:1) Exerciseandrespiration 431
(cid:1) Fitnessandtraining 436
(cid:1) Injuries 441
Contents vii
Option C Chapter 15 Cells and energy 445
(cid:1) Proteins 445
(cid:1) Enzymes 445
(cid:1) Cellularrespiration 446
(cid:1) Datatoexplainrelatingtocellrespiration 446
(cid:1) Photosynthesis 449
(cid:1) Datatoexplainrelatingtophotosynthesis 449
Option D Chapter 16 Evolution 453
(cid:1) OriginoflifeonEarth 453
(cid:1) Speciation–thebasisofmicroevolution 461
(cid:1) Humanevolution 477
(cid:1) TheHardy–Weinbergprinciple 493
(cid:1) Phylogenyandsystematics 495
Option E Chapter 17 Neurobiology and behaviour 504
(cid:1) Stimulus,responseandreflex 504
(cid:1) Perceptionofstimuli 510
(cid:1) Innateandlearnedbehaviour 518
(cid:1) Neurotransmittersandsynapses 528
(cid:1) Thehumanbrain 534
(cid:1) Furtherstudiesofbehaviour 541
Option F Chapter 18 Microorganisms and biotechnology 553
(cid:1) Thediversityofmicroorganisms 553
(cid:1) Microorganismsandtheenvironment 564
(cid:1) Microbesandbiotechnology 572
(cid:1) Microorganismsandfoodproduction 578
(cid:1) Metabolismofmicroorganisms 584
(cid:1) Microbesanddisease 587
Option G Chapter 19 Ecology and conservation 598
(cid:1) Communityecology 599
(cid:1) Ecosystemsandbiomes 611
(cid:1) Biodiversity,andtheimpactofhumansonecosystems 619
(cid:1) Conservationofbiodiversity 628
(cid:1) Populationecology 635
Option H Chapter 20 Further human physiology 641
(cid:1) Hormonalcontrol 641
(cid:1) Digestionandtheabsorptionofdigestedfood 647
(cid:1) Functionsoftheliverinhealthanddisease 656
(cid:1) Thetransportsystem 660
(cid:1) Gaseousexchange 666
Chapter 21 Statistics 675
(cid:1) Recordingvariabilityofdata–errorbars 675
(cid:1) Summarisingdata–themean 676
(cid:1) Calculatingstandarddeviations 679
(cid:1) Anotherstatisticaltest–thet-test 681
(cid:1) Correlationsdonotestablishcausalrelationships 683
viii Contents
Chapter 22 Teaching and learning IB Diploma biology 685
byguestauthorGarySeston
(cid:1) ToallIBlearners–bothteachersandstudents 685
(cid:1) TonewIBteachers 690
Section 4: Answers to SAQs, glossary, index
Answers to self-assessment questions (SAQs) in Chapters 1–12 B390
Note that the ‘B’ prefix to the page numbers indicates that these answers appear in this book –
answers in SAQs for Chapters 13-20 appear following Chapter 22 at the end of this ebook
(cid:1) Chapter1 Cells–thebuildingblocks B390
(cid:1) Chapter2 Chemistryoflife B392
(cid:1) Chapter3 Energytransferincells B395
(cid:1) Chapter4 Genetics B396
(cid:1) Chapter5 Geneticengineeringandbiotechnology B397
(cid:1) Chapter6 Ecology,evolutionandbiodiversity B397
(cid:1) Chapter7 Humanphysiology,healthandreproduction B398
(cid:1) Chapter8 Nucleicacidsandproteins B400
(cid:1) Chapter9 EnergytransferincellsII B401
(cid:1) Chapter10 Plantscience B402
(cid:1) Chapter11 GeneticsII B403
(cid:1) Chapter12 Humanphysiology,healthandreproductionII B404
Glossary B407
Acknowledgements B423
Index B425
Introduction
The International Baccalaureate Diploma programme,apre-universitycoursefor16–19-year-
olds,isdesignedtodevelopnotonlyabreadthofknowledge,skillsandunderstanding,butwell-
roundedindividualsandengagedworldcitizens.OneoftheDiploma’skeyrequirementsis
concurrentstudyinsixacademicareas,atleastoneofwhichisanexperimentalscience.Of
these,biology,whethertakenatstandardorhigherlevel,isthechoiceofmanystudents.This
book is designed to serve them.
WithintheIBDiplomaprogramme,thetheorycontentforbiologyisorganisedinto
compulsorycoretopicsandoptions.Theorganisationofthisbookfollowsthatsyllabussequence:
(cid:1) Section 1isthecommon core material for standard and higher-level students:Chapters
1–7;
(cid:1) Section 2istheadditional higher level material for higher-level students:Chapters8–12;
(cid:1) Section 3consistsoftheoptions,ofwhichthreeareavailabletostandardstudentsonly
(Chapters13–15),fourareforstandardandhigher-levelstudents(Chapters16–19),andone
isavailabletohigher-levelstudentsonly(Chapter20).
Thesyllabusispresentedastopicsandoptions,andmostarethesubjectofasinglechapterin
BiologyfortheIBDiploma(seepagesxiandxii).TheexceptionsareTopics3and4,whichare
splitbetweentwochaptersineachcase,inordertofacilitatedesignanddeliveryofindividual
teachingprogrammes.ThetopiconstatisticalanalysisispresentedinChapter21.
SpecialfeaturesofthechaptersofBiologyfortheIBDiploma:
(cid:1) eachbeginswith‘Startingpoints’thatsummarisetheessentialconceptsonwhichthechapter
isbased;wheretheissuestobeaddressedhavetheirgenesisinearlierchapters,theseare
identified
(cid:1) thetextiswritteninstraightforwardlanguage,unclutteredbyphrasesoridiomsthatmight
confusestudents for whom English is a second language;thedepthoftreatmentoftopics
carefullyreflectstheobjectivesandactionverbsinwhichthesyllabusassessmentstatements
arephrased
(cid:1) photographs,electronmicrographsandfull-colourillustrations are linked to support the
relevant text,withannotationsincludedtoelaboratethecontext,functionorapplications
(cid:1) themainsectionswithinchaptersspecifytheIB syllabus subtopics paragraph numbersbeing
addressed,solinksbetweentextandsyllabusareself-evident
(cid:1) explanationsofstructurearelinkedtofunctionandbehaviourinlivingthings,andthehabitat
andenvironmentoforganismsareidentifiedwhereappropriate;applicationofbiologyin
industry,andtheeconomic,environmentalandethicalconsequencesofdevelopmentsare
highlighted,whereappropriate
(cid:1) processes of science(sciencemethods)andsomethingofthehistoryofdevelopmentsare
introducedselectivelytoaidappreciationofthepossibilitiesandlimitationsofscience
(cid:1) self-assessmentquestions(SAQs)arephrasedsoastoassistcomprehensionandrecall,butalso
helpfamiliarisestudentswiththeassessmentimplicationsoftheactionverbs;attheendof
chapters,typicalexaminationquestionsaregiven
(cid:1) linkstotheinterdisciplinaryTheory of Knowledge(TOKlink)elementoftheIBcourseare
madeatappropriatepointsinmostchapters.
Using this book
ThesequenceofchaptersinBiologyfortheIBDiplomafollowsthesequenceofthesyllabus
contents.However,theIBDiplomabiologysyllabusisnotdesignedasateachingsyllabus,and
theorderinwhichthesyllabuscontentispresentedisnotnecessarilytheorderinwhichit
shouldbetaught.Differentschoolsandcollegesneedtodesignacoursedeliverymodelbasedon
individualcircumstances.HowthismaybetackledisdiscussedinChapter 22.