Table Of ContentPublisher Kate Ahr Parker
Senior Acquisitions Editor Marc Mazzoni
Developmental Editors Andrea Gawrylewski and Susan Weisberg
Associate Director of Marketing Debbie Clare
Managing Editor for First Edition Elaine Palucki, PhD
Senior Media Editor Patrick Shriner
Supplements Editor Amanda Dunning
Assistant Editor Anna Bristow
Project Editors Leigh Renhard and Dana Kasowitz
Art Director Diana Blume
Text Designers Matthew Ball and Diana Blume
Senior Illustration Coordinator Bill Page
Artwork Precision Graphics
Photo Editors Christine Buese and Ted Szczepanski
Photo Researcher Elyse Rieder
Production Manager Ellen Cash
Composition MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company
Printing and Binding Quad Graphics—Versailles
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010941508
ISBN-13: 978-0-7167-7324-5
ISBN-10: 0-7167-7324-4
© 2012 by W. H. Freeman and Company. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
First printing
W. H. Freeman and Company
41 Madison Avenue
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www.whfreeman.com
BIOLOGY
FOR A
CHANGING
WORLD
Michèle Shuster
New Mexico State University
Janet Vigna
Grand Valley State University
Gunjan Sinha
Matthew Tontonoz
W. H. Freeman and Company • New York
To our teachers and students: You are our inspiration
About the Authors
Michèle Shuster, Ph.D.,
is an assistant professor in the biology department at
New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, New Mexico. She focuses on the scholar-
ship of teaching and learning, studying introductory biology, microbiology, and
cancer biology classes at the undergraduate level, as well as working on several K–12
science education programs. Michèle is an active participant in programs that pro-
vide mentoring in scientific teaching to postdoctoral fellows, preparing the next
generation of undergraduate educators. She is the recipient of numerous teaching
awards, including a Donald C. Roush Excellence in Teaching Award at NMSU. Mi-
chèle received her Ph.D. from the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences
at Tufts University School of Medicine, where she studied meiotic chromosome
segregation in yeast.
Janet Vigna, Ph.D.,
is an associate professor in the biology department at
Grand Valley State University in Allendale, Michigan. As a member of the Integrated
Science Program, she teaches courses in genetics and science education for pre-
service teachers, and is active in a variety of K–12 science education programs. She
has been teaching university-level biology for 14 years, with a special focus on ef-
fectively teaching biology to nonmajors. Her current research focuses on the envi-
ronmental effects of the biological pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on
natural frog communities. She received her Ph.D. in microbiology from the Univer-
sity of Iowa.
Gunjan Sinha
is a freelance science journalist who writes regularly for
Scientific American, Science, and Nature Medicine. Her article on the biochemistry
of love, “You Dirty Vole,” was published in The Best American Science Writing 2003.
She holds a graduate degree in molecular genetics from the University of Glasgow,
Scotland, and currently lives in Berlin, Germany.
Matthew Tontonoz
has been a developmental editor for textbooks in intro-
ductory biology, cell biology, evolution, and environmental science. He received
his B.A. in biology from Wesleyan University, where he did research on the neuro-
biology of birdsong, and his M.A. in the history and sociology of science from the
University of Pennsylvania, where he studied the history of the behavioral and life
sciences. His writing has appeared in Science as Culture. He lives in Brooklyn,
New York.
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About the Publishers
ALL OF US INVOLVED
in science education understand the importance of scientific lit-
eracy. How do we get the attention of a nonscientist? And if we can get it, how do we keep
it—not only for the duration of the course, or the chapter in a textbook, but beyond?
How do we convey in our courses and our textbooks not just what we know but also how
science is done? These are the challenges we hope to address with our new series of text-
books specifically for the nonscientist.
With this series, W. H. Freeman and Scientific American join forces not just to engage
nonscientists but also to equip them with critical life tools.
DISTINGUISHED
by a discerning editorial vision and a long-standing commitment to superior
quality, W. H. Freeman works closely with top researchers and educators to develop superior teach-
ing and learning materials in the sciences. We know that a dedicated instructor and the right
textbook have the power to change the world—one student at a time.
COMMITTED to bringing first-hand developments in modern science to its audience,
Scientific American has long been the world’s leading source for science and technology
information, featuring more articles by Nobel laureates than any other consumer
magazine. The oldest continuously published magazine in the United States, Scientific
American has been independently ranked among the top 10 U.S. consumer media outlets
as “Most Credible” and “Most Objective.”*
*Erdos & Morgan 2008–2009 Opinion Leader Survey
v
From the Authors
The development of this book has taken us all on an extremely long and winding road, on which
we have met fascinating people and had incredible experiences. The authors would like to thank
Elizabeth Widdicombe, Kate Parker, and the folks at W. H. Freeman and Company and Scientific
American for supporting this vision for biology education. They recognized our diverse strengths
and brought us together to make this vision a reality. We have learned so much from one another
on this challenging and rewarding professional journey, and none of us has likely worked so hard
and so passionately on a project as we all have on this one.
We would like to thank all of the people who were interviewed and generously contributed in-
formation for these chapters. Their stories are central to the impact that this book will have on the
students we teach. They are authentic examples of biology in a changing world, and they bring this
book to life.
A special thank you is required for our Senior Acquisitions Editor, Marc Mazzoni, for his unwav-
ering encouragement and ability to bring stable direction and support to the project. Developmen-
tal Editors Andrea Gawrylewski and Susan Weisberg and Assistant Editor Anna Bristow have spent
many hours in the pages of this book, editing the details, managing our chaos, and smoothing our
rough edges. We thank them for their dedication, patience, experience, and expertise. Thanks go
to Patrick Shriner and Amanda Dunning for their tireless work on our media and supplements
program. And we must thank Elaine Palucki, who has been with us from the very beginning, bring-
ing enthusiasm and a fresh voice to our discussions. Elaine has recruited an outstanding pool of
reviewers for this project, to whom we owe a debt of gratitude.
Many thanks to the production team, Leigh Renhard, Dana Kasowitz, Philip McCaffrey, Nancy
Brooks, Matthew Ball, Diana Blume, Bill Page, Christine Buese, Ted Szczepanski, Elyse Rieder, Ellen
Cash, and all the people behind the scenes at W. H. Freeman for translating our ideas into a beauti-
ful, cohesive product. We would like to thank Rachel Rogge and Jan Troutt at Precision Graphics
for their outstanding work on the Infographics. We appreciate their patience with the many edits
and quick timelines throughout the project. They do amazing work.
We’d like to thank Debbie Clare for her enthusiasm and hard work in promoting this book in the
biology education community. We thank the enthusiastic group of salespeople who connect with
biology educators across the country and do a wonderful job representing this book.
The authors would like to thank our families and friends who have been close to us during this
process. They have been our consultants, served as sounding boards about challenges, celebrated
our successes, shared our passions, and supported the extended time and energy we often diverted
away from them to this project. We are grateful for their patience and unending support.
And finally, a sincere thank you to our many teachers, mentors, and students over the years who
have shaped our views of biology and the world, and how best to teach about one in the context of
the other. You are our inspiration.
vi
Brief Contents
UNIT 1: What Is Life Made of? Chemistry, Cells, 12. Complex Inheritance 229
Energy Q&A: Genetics
1. Process of Science 1 13. Stem Cells and Cell Differentiation 253
Java Report Grow Your Own
2. Chemistry and Molecules of Life 19
UNIT 3: How Does Life Change over Time?
What Is Life? Evolution and Diversity
3. Cell Function and Structure 39
14. Natural Selection and Adaptation 271
Wonder Drug
Bugs That Resist Drugs
4. Nutrition, Metabolism, Enzymes 59
Milestones in Biology Adventures in
Powerfoods Evolution 289
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace on the trail
5. Energy Flow and Photosynthesis 81
of natural selection
Mighty Microbes
15. Nonadaptive Evolution and Speciation 299
6. Dietary Energy and Cellular Respiration 101
Evolution in the Fast Lane
Supersize Me?
16. Evidence for Evolution 321
UNIT 2: How Does Life Perpetuate? Cell Division A Fish with Fingers?
and Inheritance
17. Life on Earth 339
7. DNA Structure and Replication 121 Q&A: Evolution
Biologically Unique 18. Prokaryotic Diversity 359
Lost City
Milestones in Biology The Model Makers 137
Watson, Crick, and the structure of DNA 19. Eukaryotic Diversity 377
8. Genes to Proteins 143 Rain Forest Riches
Medicine from Milk 20. Human Evolution 395
What Is Race?
Milestones in Biology Sequence Sprint 161
Collins and Venter race to decode the human
UNIT 4: What Makes Up Our Environment?
genome
Ecology
9. Cell Division and Mitosis 169
21. Population Ecology 413
Paramedic Plants
On the Tracks of Wolves and Moose
10. Genetic Mutations and Cancer 187
22. Community Ecology 431
Fighting Fate
What’s Happening to Honey Bees?
11. Single-Gene Inheritance and Meiosis 203
23. Ecosystem Ecology 449
Rock for a Cause
The Heat Is On
Milestones in Biology Mendel’s Garden 221
24. Sustainability 471
An Austrian priest lays the foundation for modern
Eco-Metropolis
genetics
vii
BRIEF CONTENTS
Contents
2.6 W ater Is “Sticky” Because It Forms Hydrogen
Bonds 33
2.7 Solutions Have a Characteristic pH 34
1. Process of Science 1
Java Report Making sense of the latest buzz in
health-related news 2
3. Cell Function and Structure 39
1.1 Conflicting Conclusions 5
1.2 S cience Is a Process: Narrowing Down the Wonder Drug How a chance discovery in a London
Possibilities 6 laboratory revolutionized medicine 40
1.3 Anatomy of an Experiment 8
3.1 How Penicillin Was Discovered 42
1.4 Sample Size Matters 9
3.2 Cell Theory: All Living Things Are Made of Cells 43
1.5 Everyday Theory vs. Scientific Theory 10
3.3 Membranes: All Cells Have Them 44
1.6 Caffeine Side Effects 11
3.4 P rokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Have Different
1.7 Correlation Does Not Equal Causation 14
Structures 45
1.8 From the Lab to the Media: Lost in Translation 15
3.5 Some Antibiotics Target Bacterial Cell Walls 46
3.6 S ome Antibiotics Inhibit Prokaryotic
Ribosomes 48
3.7 Molecules Move Across the Cell Membrane 50
3.8 Eukaryotic Cells Have Organelles 51
UP CLOSE Eukaryotic Organelles 52–53
2. Chemistry and Molecules of Life 19
What Is Life? Evidence from space heats up an
age-old debate 20
2.1 S ome Functional Characteristics of Living 4. Nutrition, Metabolism, Enzymes 59
Organisms 23
Powerfoods Foods fit to fight chronic disease 60
2.2 All Matter on Earth Is Made of Elements 24
2.3 C arbon Is a Versatile Component of Life’s 4.1 Food Is a Source of Macronutrients 63
Molecules 25 4.2 Macronutrients Build and Maintain Cells 64
UP CLOSE Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates, Proteins, 4.3 Enzymes Facilitate Chemical Reactions 67
Lipids, Nucleic Acids 28–29
4.4 C omplex Carbohydrates Break Down into Simple
2.4 The Cell Membrane Defines Cell Boundaries 30 Sugars 68
2.5 Water Is a Good Solvent Because It Is Polar 32 4.5 Fiber Helps Regulate Blood Sugar 70
viii
CONTENTS
