Table Of ContentBiology and Ecology of Carp
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Biology and Ecology of Carp
Editors
Constanze Pietsch
Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW)
Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR)
Waedenswil
Switzerland
Philipp E. Hirsch
Department of Environmental Sciences
University Basel
Basel
Switzerland
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
GL--Prelims with new title page.indd ii 4/25/2012 9:52:40 AM
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© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface
Carp are unlike other group of fi sh species. In fact, they are special to such an
extent, that we feel a whole book dedicated to all aspects of the biology and
ecology of carp is warranted.
While justifying the many aspects of carp in only a single volume may
seem overambitious to some others might wonder whether there is really
so much to say about a single fi sh. Despite this being a daunting task, we
are confi dent that this book offers something to learn for the expert and the
novice alike.
The introduction of the book fi rst provides a detailed account on the
natural history of carp and the genetics of carp (Chapter 1). Here we learn
how humans from earlier on shaped the genetic identity of carp through
aquaculture activities and how today we can differentiate several races or
strains of carp. Artifi cial selection for desirable traits is not only common
in aquaculture: Japanese ornamental koi with their different color varieties
are also subject to selective breeding and such elaborate techniques as scale-
transplantations are performed to perfect special color types (Chapter 2).
Exactly how carp are bred and crossed artifi cially is discussed in great detail
in the aquaculture and nutrition part of the book. This part constitutes the
backbone of the volume providing in-depth knowledge on both state-of-the
art techniques and the latest scientifi c advances in the fi eld of carp aquaculture.
Proceeding from a presentation of the history of carp aquaculture in Europe
and Asia the reader learns about classical and high-end forms of aquaculture
today (Chapter 3). Chapter 4 discusses the earliest life stages of carp—larvae
—and how they are most effi ciently produced and raised following artifi cial
or natural reproduction in aquaculture . Interestingly, whether carp offspring
becomes male or female is all but predetermined and in aquaculture today
manipulation of the sex is a common tool presented in Chapter 5. Regardless
of sex, carp in aquaculture will have to be fed optimally and sustainably
therefore Chapter 6 presents both traditional ways of feeding carp and
topical alternatives at hand to replace fi sh meal.
This volume also takes a close look at carp in the part parasitology and
immunology. Especially relevant for the aquaculture industry are parasites
and disease agents of carp that are described in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 follows
the parasites and disease agents by taking a more detailed look into molecular
mechanisms behind a carp’s immune responses to pathogens.
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
vi Biology and Ecology of Carp
The part on ecology describes how carp interact with their natural
environment. In Chapter 9 the feeding ecology of carp, details are given
on how carp feed in the wild and how this relates to the effects that carp
can have on the ecosystem. Intriguingly, carp can have profound infl uence
of their natural environments and when introduced can proliferate in the
wild outside their native range. The associated management implications
are also discussed in a comprehensive chapter on carp as invasive species
(Chapter 10). While considered a nuisance by some, carp are a highly desired
by others as game fi sh in recreational fi shing. Chapter 11 introduces carp
fi shing and presents detailed data on growth and management of natural
carp populations. In the last part of the book, toxicology combines both,
the inside-view on carp from the immunology and parasites part, and
the outside-view on carp interactions with their environment. Chapter 12
presents the effects of pesticides on carp and Chapter 12 reviews the effects of
natural toxins from, e.g., fungi on carp, highlighting the importance of carp
as a model organism.
The volume in all its breadth and detail lives up to a comprehensive
treatise of one of the most fascinating creatures that man has lived with
for thousands of years. We hope the reader will fi nd the content and its
presentation as inspiring as the authors’ commitment to an outstanding
book.
Constanze Pietsch
Philipp E. Hirsch
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Preface v
The Editors ix
List of Contributors xi
Part I: Genetics of Common Carp and Koi Carp
1. The Natural History of Common Carp and Common Carp 3
Genetics
Klaus Kohlmann
2. Japanese Ornamental Koi Carp: Origin, Variation and 27
Genetics
Servaas de Kock and Boris Gomelsky
Part II: Aquaculture and Nutrition of Carp
3. Carp Aquaculture in Europe and Asia 57
Pavel Hartman, Gregor Schmidt and Constanze Pietsch
4. Reproduction and First Feeding of Carp 90
Gregor Schmidt
5. Chromosome Set Manipulation, Sex Control and Gene 105
Transfer in Common Carp
Boris Gomelsky
6. Traditional Feeding of Common Carp and Strategies for 135
Replacement of Fish Meal
Gert Füllner
Part III: Diseases and Immune Response to Carp
7. Disease Agents and Parasites of Carp 167
Jasminca Behrmann-Godel
8. The Carp Immune System and Immune Responses to 188
Pathogens
Natalia Ivonne Vera–Jimenez, Geert Frits Wiegertjes and
Michael Engelbrecht Nielsen
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
viii Biology and Ecology of Carp
Part IV: Ecology
9. Feeding Ecology of Carp 217
Brian Huser and Pia Bartels
10. Carp as an Invasive Species 244
Brendan J. Hicks and Nicholas Ling
11. Recreational Fishing for Carp—Implications for Management 282
and Growth of Carp Populations
Henrik Ragnarsson-Stabo
Part V: Toxicology
12. Effects of Pesticides on Carp 303
Radka Dobsikova and Josef Velisek
13. Impact of Natural Toxins on Common Carp 334
Constanze Pietsch
Index 377
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
The Editors
Dr. Constanze Pietsch enthusiasm for fi shing started very early in her
childhood due to recreational fi shing activities of her father and brothers.
Due to her deep interest natural sciences it was not astounding that she
chose to study biology at the Humboldt-University in Berlin in Germany.
However, her studies focused on plant physiology, freshwater ecology and
aquatic toxicology before she deepened her knowledge in fi sh physiology,
endocrinology and immunology during her PhD using common carp as the
model species at the Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries
in Berlin. After obtaining her PhD in 2008 she moved to the Program Man-
Society-Environment as a post-doc at the University of Basel in Switzerland,
where she further worked with carp to elucidate possible effects of
natural toxins including mycotoxins and anthropogenic toxic chemicals
on cell functions, fi sh nutrition, immunology and fi tness. Constanze
Pietsch is currently working as a scientifi c researcher in the Aquaculture
and Aquaponics Group at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences in
Waedenswil, Switzerland, where her work focuses on fi sh nutrition. She
also leads the educational course for future aquaculturists and teaches in
environmental analytics. Her broad knowledge in many aspects of fi sh and
aquaculture alleviated her participation as an editor for the present book in
which she mostly coordinated and edited the contributions to the biological
aspects of carp.
Dr. Philipp E. Hirsch is an evolutionary ecologist with a background in fi sh
ecology. His interest in carp was fi rst raised culinarily when preparing an
annual christmas carp with his father when he was a child. He followed
his fascination for fi sh ecology which led him through three universities
in Germany and after graduating as a master in biology at the University
of Constance he continued his education in Sweden at the University of
Uppsala. His work expanded from classical fi sh ecological questions to
invasive species and phenotypic processed triggered in native and invading
fi sh populations. After he obtained his PhD in 2011 he continued to work on
fi sh ecology and invasive species from both basic and applied aspects within
the research centre for sustainable energy and water supply (FoNEW) and
the Program Man-Society-Environment as a post-doc at the University of
Basel in Switzerland. His strong interest and experience in fi sh ecology and
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
x Biology and Ecology of Carp
invasive species complements Constanze Pietsch's competence on the more
molecular side of carp biology. He assembled the chapters for the ecology
part of the book. Not least because he is a passionate angler and educated in
the ecology of species invasions he oversaw the inclusion of both the aspect
of recreational fi shing and invasive carp into the volume.
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
