BIOLOGICAL PARAMETER AND EFFECT OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL ...

43 Pages·2014·0.71 MB·English

by  Biiki Teo

BIOLOGICAL PARAMETER AND EFFECT OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON
THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF Megaselia scalaris (LOEW)
(DIPTERA: PHORIDAE)

TEO BEE HSIEN

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

2014
BIOLOGICAL PARAMETER AND EFFECT OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON
THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF Megaselia scalaris (LOEW)
(DIPTERA: PHORIDAE)

by

TEO BEE HSIEN

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements
for the Degree of
Master of Science

August 2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my supervisor,
Dr Hamdan bin Ahmad, for his meticulous and painstaking guidance, advice and
enthusiastic encouragements to me in completing this thesis. His willingness to give
his time so generously is very much appreciated. I would also like to thank to my
co-supervisor, Dr Zary Shariman Yahaya for checking the thesis and giving advice to
me.
I would like to acknowledge Department of Veterinary Services of
Malaysia for giving me a chance to co-operate with them and run my project. Highly
appreciated to the advices and guidance from Dr Kamarudin bin Md Isa (Director of
Department of Veterinary Services, Johor), Dr Abu Hassan bin Muhammad Ali
(Director of Research Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia), Mr Chang Kun
Wah and Mr Khoo Choon Kiat from Research and Innovation Division, Department
of Veterinary Services Malaysia.
My special thanks are extended to all the staff from Institute Veterinary
Malaysia (IVM) and Pusat Penyelidikan Walit/ Pembiakan Itik, Kampung Paya Jaras
Hilir, Selangor under the Department of Veterinary Service Malaysia for their
technical assistance and equipment support. Appreciations also go to Encik Selvaraja,
Encik Guna, Kakak Rohani and Encik Hazwan for helping me in laboratory.
I would also like to thank Prof Madya Hamady Dieng, the lecturer of
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His advice and guidance in
the biostatistics has been a great help in my data analysis of my research.
Not to forget my dearest friends Eng Hua, Siaw Fang, Yan Fen, Choy
Leng, Chun Siang, Wai Heng, and Song Guan, thanks for giving happiness to me.
Finally, I wish to thank my parents and family for their patience, support
and love, which kept me moving ahead in my life.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………..….…... ii
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………......…..... iv
List of Tables ……………………………………………………………..……....... ix
List of Figures ………………………………………………………...…….....…… x
List of Plates ..……………………………………………………………….…….. xii
List of Abbreviations ……………………………………………………….…….. xiii
List of Appendices ……………………………………………………….……….. xiv
Abstrak ……………………………………………….……………………….…... xv
Abstract …………………………………………………………………...…….. xvii
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ……………………………….....….. 1
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Insect as Feed for Animals………………………………………………………. 4
2.1.1 Insects as Feed for Swiftlet……………………………………………….. 5
2.2 Megaselia scalaris………………………………………………………………. 7
2.2.1 Eggs……………………………………………………………………..... 7
2.2.2 Larvae…………………………………………………………………….. 9
2.2.3 Pupae…………………………………………………………………….. 11
2.2.4 Adults……………………………………………………………………. 13
2.2.5 Feeding Habit of M. scalaris……………………………………………. 16
2.2.6 Importance of M. scalaris……………………………………………….. 16
2.3 Mass Rearing of Insects in Laboratory……………………………………….... 17
2.3.1 Life History of Insects…………………………………………………... 19
2.3.2 Abiotic factors………………………………………………………….. 20
2.3.2.1 Temperature……………………………………………………. 21
2.3.2.2 Photoperiod…………………………………………………….. 23
2.3.2.3 Diet……………………………………………………………... 25
CHAPTER 3: BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MALES AND FEMALES M.
scalaris.
3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 28
3.2 Materials and methods…………………………………………………………. 29
3.2.1 Study Site………………………………………………………………... 29
3.2.2 Cage Construction………………………………………………………. 29
3.2.3 Stock Colony of M. scalaris…………………………………………….. 31
3.2.4 Preparation of Feed……………………………………………………… 31
3.2.5 Assay……………………………………………………………………. 32
3.2.6 Analysis…………………………………………………………………. 32
3.3 Results………………………………………………………………………….. 33
3.3.1 Mean Larval Developmental Time, Pupal Developmental Time and Adult
Longevity for Males and Females of M. scalaris……………………….. 33
3.3.2 Mean Weight of the Larvae for the Males and Females of M. scalaris… 35
3.3.3 Mean Weight of the Pupae for the Males and Females of M. scalaris...... 37
3.3.4 Mean Weight and Head Width Length of the Adults for the Males and
Females of M. scalaris………………………………………………….. 37
3.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………………… 40
CHAPTER 4: ABIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENTAL TIME
AND SURVIVAL OF LARVAE AND PUPAE M. scalaris.
4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 44
4.2 Materials and methods…………………………………………………………. 45
4.2.1 Study Site………………………………………………………………... 45
4.2.2 Stock Colony of M. scalaris…………………………………………….. 45
4.2.3 Preparation of Feed…………………………………………………….... 45
4.2.4 Assay……………………………………………………………………. 47
4.2.5 Analysis…………………………………………………………………. 47
4.3 Results………………………………………………………….………………. 48
4.3.1 Developmental Time of M. scalaris…………………………………….. 48
4.3.1.1 Mean Larval Developmental Time of M. scalaris For Different
Abiotic Factors ……………………...………………………….. 48
4.3.1.1.1 Temperature…………………………………………… 48
4.3.1.1.2 Larval Feed………………………………………...….. 48
4.3.1.2 Mean Pupal Developmental Time of M. scalaris for Different
Abiotic Factors …......................................................................... 50
4.3.1.2.1 Temperature…………………………………………… 50
4.3.1.2.2 Feed…………………………………………………… 50
4.3.2 Survival of M. scalaris………………………………………………….. 54
4.3.2.1 Mean Larval Survival of M. scalaris for Different Abiotic
Factors ……………..…………………………………………… 54
4.3.2.1.1 Temperature…………………………………………... 54
4.3.2.1.2 Larval Feed…………………………………………… 54
4.3.2.2 Mean Pupal Survival of M. scalaris for Different Abiotic
Factors ……………………………………………….…………. 56
4.3.2.2.1 Temperature…………………………………………… 56
4.3.2.2.2 Feed………………………………………………...…. 56
4.3.2.3 Interaction Between Temperatures and Feed Types to the Larval
Developmental Time and Survival and Pupal Developmental Time
and Survival of M. scalaris …………………………………….. 60
4.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………………… 62
CHAPTER 5: FACTORS AFFECTING LONGEVITY AND FECUNDITY OF
ADULTS M. scalaris.
5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 68
5.2 Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………. 70
5.2.1 Study Site………………………………………………………………... 70
5.2.2 Stock Colony of M. scalaris…………………......................................... 70
5.2.3 Preparation of Adult Feed…..…………………………………………... 70
5.2.4 The Effect of Interaction Between Factors (Sex, Mating Status, Adult
Diets, Temperatures and Photoperiods) on the Longevity of M.
scalari…................................................................................................... 70
5.2.5 The Effect of Temperatures on the Fecundity of M. scalaris…..………. 71
5.2.6 Analysis…………………………………………………………….….... 76
5.3 Results…………………………………………………………………..……… 76
5.3.1 Adult Longevity of M. scalaris…………………………………………. 76
5.3.1.1 Sex………………………………………………….…………… 79
5.3.1.2 Mating Status……………………………………………….…… 79
5.3.1.3 Adult diets……………………………………….……………… 79
5.3.1.4 Temperature………………………………………..……………. 84
5.3.1.5 Photoperiod……………………………………………..………. 84
5.3.2 Fecundity of M. scalaris……………………………………..………….. 87
5.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………..……….. 87
CHAPTER 6: GENERAL CONCLUSION………………………………………. 94
REFERENCES …………………………………………..……………………….. 96
APPENDICES ……………………………………..……………………………. 116
LIST OF TABLES

Page
Table 3.1 t-test testing for head width length and weight of males and 39
females of M. scalaris
Table 4.1 Summary of the two-way ANOVA results 61

Table 5.1 MANOVA testing for the effect of temperature, adult diet, 77
photoperiod, gender, mating, and interactions of these
variables on longevity of M. scalaris
Table 5.2 Effect of different types of feeds on the mean adult longevity 83
of M. scalaris