Table Of ContentBiological Nanostructures
and Applications of
Nanostructures in Biology
Electrical‚ Mechanical‚ and
Optical Properties
BIOELECTRIC ENGINEERING
Series Editor: Bin He
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
MODELING AND IMAGING OF BIOELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
Principles and Applications
Edited by Bin He
BIOLOGICAL NANOSTRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS OF
NANOSTRUCTURES IN BIOLOGY
Electrical, Mechanical, and Optical Properties
Edited by Michael A. Stroscio and Mitra Dutta
NEURAL ENGINEERING
Edited by Bin He
Biological Nanostructures
and Applications of
Nanostructures in Biology
Electrical, Mechanical, and
Optical Properties
Edited by
Michael A. Stroscio Mitra Dutta
and
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBookISBN: 0-306-48628-8
Print ISBN: 0-306-48627-X
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PREFACE
Nanostructures are playing a fundamental role in the advancement of biology as
a result of the continuing dramatic progress in understanding the electronic, optical,
and mechanical properties of an ever increasing variety of nanostructures. This book
on “Biological Nanostructures and Applications of Nanostructures in Biology:
Electrical, Mechanical, and Optical Properties”highlights recent past advances at the
interface between the science and technology of nanostructures and the science of
biology. Moreover, this book supplements these past groundbreaking discoveries
with discussions of promising new avenues of research that reveal the enormous
potential of emerging approaches in nanobiotechnology.
A dominant trend of the last two decades has been down scaling of electronic,
optoelectronic, and mechanical devices and structures from micron scale to those
with features into the nano-dimensional regime. In most cases, this downscaling has
not been possible without taking into account the dramatic differences between
micron-scale phenomena that may be described frequently in terms of classical
theories and nanoscale phenomena that generally require the consideration of
quantum nature of matter. Moreover, many new technologies – such as those of
heteroepitaxy, synthesis of carbon nanotubes, and synthesis of nanostructures
through colloidal chemistry – have emerged and been developed. In recent years,
these developments have been recognized as offering powerful tools in the quest to
advance the basic understanding of biological systems as well as in biomedical
applications of nanotechnology. As an example of a widespread application of
nanotechnology, the diversity of heterojunctions as well as dramatic advances in
semiconductor growth and processing technologies are opening the way to new
heterojunction-device technologies and leading to many new avenues for realizing
novel families of quantum-based electronic and optoelectronic devices and systems.
Even more important from the perspective of biological applications, the already-
large number of applications of advanced semiconductor heterostructures is
increasing rapidly and is becoming more diversified as illustrated by the wide range
of uses of layered quantum dots in biological applications. As highlighted in this
book, these applications include using quantum dots for biological tags as well as for
active optical and electrical interface with biological systems such as neurons.
v
vi PREFACE
Indeed, advanced semiconductor heterostructures can be expected contribute to
revolutionary advances in medical applications as discussed in this book.
This book highlights current advances and trends in the use of semiconductor
nanocrystals in biological applications as well as key developments in the synthesis
and physical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals used in biological
environments. The potential applications of these semiconductor nanocrystals in
nanobiotechnology have been demonstarted recently by a broad variety of
applications in the study of subcellular processes of fundamental importance in
biology. Examples include the use of colloidal nanocrystals to study neural
processes on the nanoscale through the imaging of the diffusion of glycine receptors
as well as multi-color labeling of subcellular components. As discussed in this book,
semiconductor nanocrystals have narrow, tunable and symmetric emission spectra,
and they have much greater temporal stability and resistance to photobleaching than
fluorescent dyes.
This book also highlights recent findings on how the electrical, optical, and
mechanical properties of nanostructures are altered as a result of being in close
proximity with biological structures and media. For example, this book discusses
how electrolytic environments, that are pervasive in biological systems, must be
considered in understanding the electrical and optical properties of charged and polar
semiconductor quantum dots in electrolytic environments. As a second example, this
bookdiscusses how dielectric environments, that are pervasive in biological systems,
must be considered in understanding the electrical, mechanical, and optical
properties of charged and polar semiconductor quantum dots in dielectric media.
Moreover, this book highlights the nanomechanical properties of biomolecules in
biological environments. Accordingly, this book provides an introduction to a range
of topics dealing with the control and tailoring of the properties of both manmade
and naturally occurring nanostructures in biological environments. This field is in its
infancy but, as indicated by the contraubtions in this book, it is critical to exploiting
fully the dramatic advances of nanotechnology in biological and biomedical
applications.
This book also describes a number of other promising – and potentially
revolutionary – tools and applications of nanobiotechnology. These include: the
potential applications of nanoscale carbon nanotubes in bioengineering; the use of
atomic force microscopy to probe the nanophysical properties of living cells; and
bioinspired approaches to building nanostructures. As described in this book,
manmade carbon nanotubes have a number of remarkable electrical, chemical, and
mechanical properties making them intriguing candidates for integration with
biological structures on the nanoscale. Moreover, this book provides an
introduction to potentially revolutionary applications of a key set of biochemical
interactions for the assembly and building of nanostructures.
The guest editors wish to acknowledge professional colleagues, friends and
family members whose contributions and sacrifices made it possible to complete this
work. First of all, the authors are grateful Aaron Johnson of Kluwer Publishing
Company for taking an active interest in making this volume useful to the expected
readership. The guest editors extend sincere thanks go to Dean Larry Kennedy,
College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) for his active
encouragement and for his longstanding efforts to promote excellence in research at
UIC. Special thanks go to Dr. Rajinder Khosla, Dr. James W. Mink and Usha
PREFACE vii
Varshney of the National Science Foundation, Dr. Dwight Woolard of the US Army
Research Office, Dr. John Carrano of the Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency, and Dr. Todd Steiner and Dr. Daniel Johnstone of the Air Force Office of
Scientific Research for their encouragement and interests. MD acknowledges the
discussions, interactions and the work of many colleagues and friends which have
had an impact on the work in this book. Drs. Doran Smith, K. K. Choi and Paul
Shen of the Army Research Laboratory, and Professor Athos Petrou of State
University of New York, Buffalo. MD would also like to thank Dhiren Dutta
without whose encouragement she would never have embarked on a career in
science and to Michael and Gautam Stroscio who everyday add meaning to
everything. MAS acknowledges the essential roles that several professional
colleagues and friends played in the events leading to his contributions to this book;
these people include: Professor Bin He of the University of Minnesota, Professor
Richard L. Magin, Head of the BioEngineering Department at the University of
Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Professors Jeremy Mao and Anjum Ansari of UIC,
Professor Duan P. Chen of Rush University, Professors Robert Trew, Gerald J.
Iafrate, M. A. Littlejohn K. W. Kim, R. and M. Kolbas as well as Dr. Sergiy
Komirenko of the North Carolina State University, Professor Vladimir Mitin of the
State University of New York at Buffalo, University, Professors G. Belenky and S.
Luryi and Dr. M. Kisin of the State University of New York at Stony Brook,
ProfessorsGeorge I. Haddad, Pallab K. Bhattacharya, and JaspritSingh and Dr. J.-P.
Sun of the University of Michigan, Professors Karl Hess and J.-P. Leburton
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Professor L. F. Register of the
University of Texas at Austin, Professors H. Craig Casey and Steven Teitsworth of
Duke University, and Professor Viatcheslav A. Kochelap of the National Academy
of Sciences of the Ukraine. MAS also thanks family members who have been
supportive during the period when this book was being edited; these include:
Anthony and Norma Stroscio, Mitra Dutta, and Elizabeth, Gautam, and Marshall
Stroscio.
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CONTENTS
1. INTEGRATING AND TAGGING BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES WITH
NANOSCALE SEMICONDUCTING QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURE... 1
Michael A. Stroscio, Mitra Dutta, Kavita Narwani, Peng Shi, Dinakar Ramadurai, Babak
Kohanpour, and Salvador Rufo
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. FABRICATING QUANTUM DOT SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
AS BIOTAGS 3
3. RELEVANT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR
QUANTUM DOTS 13
4. CONCEPTS AND TOOLS UNDERLYING THE INTEGRATION OF
QUANTUM DOTS WITH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 17
5. CONCLUSION 28
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 28
7. REFERENCES 29
2. BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM
DOTS 37
Anupam Singhal, Hans C. Fischer, Johnson Wong, and Warren C. W. Chan
1. INTRODUCTION 37
2. OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR
QUANTUM DOTS 38
3. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 41
3.1. Synthesis Techniques 41
ix
