Biological Invasions: Economic and Environmental Costs of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species, Second Edition

446 Pages·2011·16.31 MB·English

by  David Pimentel Ph.D.

Biological Sciences/Environmental Sciences P
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PRAISE FOR THE FIRST EDITION
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“[This book] provides some excellent examples through a collection of papers on the costs of
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invasive species to societies and environments in seven countries. … One of the strengths of
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this collection is the mix of contributions of experienced contributors from both university
and management sectors. … [This book] will be a handy source of examples and models
for students and practitioners alike, as well as access to a far-flung literature. And it will be
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a handy reference for all those involved in developing effective responses to a hydra-headed
problem. The editor and authors are to be applauded … .” i
—Ecology, Vol. 85, No. 5, May 2004 o
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“Of interest to policymakers, scientists, researchers, and the general public, this book offers
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rare insights into the economic impacts to a global marketplace.”
—Southeastern Naturalist, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2004
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The impact of invasive species is second only to that of human population growth and
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associated activities as a cause of the loss of biodiversity throughout the world. In the United c
States, invasions of nonnative plants, animals, or microbes cause major environmental damage.
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Representing the most current, single-source reference containing scientific and economic
information on this timely subject, the second edition of Biological Invasions: Economic and
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Environmental Costs of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species
• Includes studies from six continents to provide the best quality and detailed data for I
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components of the biological invasion problem
• Presents up-to-date literature with contributions from internationally recognized experts
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• Provides a research foundation for the accurate assessment of the economic and
ecological impact of non-native invasive species a
• Covers the impacts of disease organisms on human health and livestock
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This volume reconfirms the diverse and unpredictable roles that nonnative species assume i
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as they invade new ecosystems: destruction of vital crops and forests and major damages
to ecosystems leading to loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and water loss. The text provides
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information on how the nonnative species invade new ecosystems, their subsequent
environmental effects, and estimates on economic impacts. Biological Invasions supplies
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scientists, policymakers, and the public with a better understanding of the invading species
and how to prevent their spread and improve control procedures.
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ISBN: 978-1-4398-2990-5
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www.crcpress.com
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K11463 cvr mech.indd 1 4/20/11 9:28 AM
Biological Invasions
Economic and Environmental Costs of
Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species
Second Edition

Biological Invasions
Economic and Environmental Costs of
Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species
Second Edition
Edited by David Pimentel
Cover photograph of Johnsongrass used with permission from the Kansas Department of Agriculture.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biological invasions : economic and environmental costs of alien plant, animal, and microbe species / [edited
by] David Pimentel. -- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Summary: “A revised, expanded, and updated second version to the successful <EM>Biological Invasions:
Economic and Environmental Costs of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species</EM>, this reference
discusses how non-native species invade new ecosystems and the subsequent economic and environmental
effects of these species. With nine new chapters, this text provides detailed information on the major
components of the invasive-species p roblem from six continents, including impacts on human health and
livestock. The book examines ways in which non-native species destroy vital crops and forests; damage
ecosystem dynamics, which leads to plant and animal biodiversity losses; and cause soil erosion and water
loss”-- Provided by publisher.
Summary: “Some 10 million species of plants, animals, and microbes are thought to inhabit the earth, but
so far only about 1.5 million of these have been identified. A mere 15 of the approximately 250,000 known
plant species provide the world’s human population with about 90 percent of its food.1 These crops are
wheat, rice, corn, rye, barley, soybeans, and common millet. Although these crops are now grown in nearly
every nation, only one or two of these crop species originated in any specific country. Among animals, eight
species currently provide the bulk of the meat, milk, and eggs consumed by humans. These leading livestock
species are cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, horses, camels, chickens, and ducks. Farms in the United States feed
approximately 100 million cattle, 7 million sheep, and 9 billion chickens each year”-- Provided by publisher.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4398-2990-5 (hardback)
1. Biological invasions--Economic aspects. 2. Biological invasions--Environmental aspects. I. Pimentel,
David, 1925- II. Title.
QH353.B57 2011
577’.18--dc22 2010051444
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................vii
Editor................................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors ....................................................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Introduction: Nonnative species in the world ���������������������������������������������������1
David Pimentel
Section I: Australia
Chapter 2 The impacts of alien plants in Australia �����������������������������������������������������������11
Richard H. Groves
Chapter 3 Environmental and economic costs of invertebrate
invasions in Australia �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25
Deon Canyon, Ian Naumann, Rick Speare, and Ken Winkel
Section II: Brazil
Chapter 4 Invasive vertebrates in Brazil ������������������������������������������������������������������������������53

Carlos Frederico D. Rocha, Helena Godoy Bergallo, and Rosana Mazzoni
Section III: British Isles
Chapter 5 Alien plants in Britain ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������107
Mark Williamson
Chapter 6 Economic, environmental, and social dimensions of alien
vertebrate species in Britain ������������������������������������������������������������������������������129
Piran C. L. White, Adriana E. S. Ford-Thompson, Carolyn J. Snell, and
Stephen Harris
Section IV: Europe
Chapter 7 Impacts of alien vertebrates in Europe ������������������������������������������������������������177
Susan M. Shirley and Salit Kark
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC v
vi Contents
Chapter 8 Invasive patterns of alien terrestrial invertebrates in Europe �������������������199
Alain Roques
Chapter 9 Invasive plant pathogens in Europe ����������������������������������������������������������������227
Ivan Sache, Anne-Sophie Roy, Frédéric Suffert, and
Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau
Section V: India
Chapter 10 Invasive plants in the Indian subcontinent ���������������������������������������������������245
Daizy R. Batish, R. K. Kohli, and H. P. Singh
Chapter 11 Invasive invertebrates in India: Economic implications �����������������������������259
T. N. Ananthakrishnan
Section VI: New Zealand
Chapter 12 Economic impacts of weeds in New Zealand: Some examples ������������������273
Peter A. Williams and Susan M. Timmins
Chapter 13 Ecological and economic costs of alien vertebrates in
New Zealand ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������283
M. N. Clout
Section VII: South Africa
Chapter 14 The economic consequences of the environmental impacts of
alien plant invasions in South Africa ��������������������������������������������������������������295
D. C. Le Maitre, W. J. de Lange, D. M. Richardson, R. M. Wise,
and B. W. van Wilgen

Chapter 15 Invasive vertebrates of South Africa ���������������������������������������������������������������325
Berndt J. van Rensburg, Olaf L. F. Weyl, Sarah J. Davies,
Nicola J. van Wilgen, Dian Spear, Christian T. Chimimba, and Faansie Peacock
Section VIII: United States
Chapter 16 Rodents and other vertebrate invaders in the United States ����������������������381
Michael W. Fall, Michael L. Avery, Tyler A. Campbell, Peter J. Egan, Richard M.
Engeman, David Pimentel, William C. Pitt, Stephanie A. Shwiff, and Gary W. Witmer
Chapter 17 Environmental and economic costs associated with alien invasive
species in the United States �������������������������������������������������������������������������������411
David Pimentel
Index .............................................................................................................................................431
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Acknowledgments
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Cornell Association of Professors Emeriti for
the partial support of our research through the Albert Podell Grant Program. In addition,
I wish to thank Mike Burgess for his valuable assistance in the preparation of our book.
He did an exceptional job with editing the chapters.

© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vii

Editor
David Pimentel is a professor of ecology and agricultural science at Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York (e-mail: [email protected]). He received his BS in 1948 from the University
of Massachusetts Amherst and his PhD from Cornell University in 1951. From 1951 to 1954,
he was chief of the Tropical Research Laboratory, U.S. Public Health Service, San Juan,
Puerto Rico. From 1954 to 1955, he was a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of
Chicago; from 1960 to 1961, OEEC Fellow at Oxford University (England); and 1961 NSF
Scholar at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was appointed assistant professor
of insect ecology at Cornell University in 1955 and associate professor in 1961. In 1963, he
was appointed professor and head of the Department of Entomology and Limnology. He
served as department head until 1969 when he returned to full-time research and teaching
as professor of ecology and agricultural sciences.
Nationally, he served on the President’s White House Science and Technology Program,
Washington, D.C., 1969, and on a Presidential Commission on the Environment. He also
served on numerous National Academy of Sciences Committees and Boards, including
chairing the Board of Ecology. He has served on committees in the U.S. Department of
Health, Education and Welfare; U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of Agriculture;
U.S. Congressional Office of Technology Assessment; and the U.S. State Department. He
served as president of the Rachel Carson Council and as an elected member of the National
Audubon Society and the American Institute of Biological Sciences.
Dr. Pimentel’s honors and achievements include being a fellow at Oxford University
(England); being appointed honorary professor, Institute of Applied Ecology, China;

receiving an Honorary Degree of Science, University of Massachusetts; receiving the
Distinguished Service Award from the Rural Sociology Society; and serving on the Board
of Directors, International Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of
Science. He is now serving as editor-in-chief of the journal Environment, Development and
Sustainability.
Dr. Pimentel has authored nearly 700 scientific publications, written three books, and
edited 30 others. His research spans the fields of energy, biological control, biotechnology,
land and water conservation, and environmental policy.
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ix