Table Of ContentBiological Evaluation of Materials
The interaction of materials with their environment
Biological Evaluation of Materials
The interaction of materials with their environment
Bogdan Walkowiak
Department of Biophysics, Lodz University of Technology,
Stefanowskiego st. 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland, and Bionanopark Laboratories,
Bionanopark Ltd, Dubois st. 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland
Magdalena Walkowiak-Przybyło
Aflofarm Farmacja Polska Sp. z o.o. Partyzancka 133/15, 95-200 Pabianice,
Poland and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of
Technology, Stefanowskiego st. 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
Piotr Komorowski
Bionanopark Laboratories, Bionanopark Ltd, Dubois st. 114/116, 93-465 Lodz,
Poland and Department of Biophysics Lodz University of Technology
Stefanowskiego st. 1/15 90-537 Lodz, Poland
IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK
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ISBN 978-0-7503-2656-8(ebook)
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ISBN 978-0-7503-2657-5(myPrint)
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iv
Contents
Preface vii
Author biographies viii
Symbols x
1 Introduction 1-1
1.1 What is this book about? 1-1
1.2 The evolution of the Universe 1-1
1.3 The evolution of human thought 1-4
1.4 The birth of modern physics 1-8
1.5 Life sciences and their contribution to understanding the world 1-13
References 1-16
2 Materials science and life sciences 2-1
2.1 The impact of the production and use of material technology products 2-1
2.2 The industrial revolution and its impact on the environment 2-2
2.3 Environmental monitoring 2-4
2.4 The potential of micro-organisms to decompose waste 2-7
2.5 Micro-organisms in technological processes 2-8
2.6 Problems with nanomaterials 2-9
2.7 Threats from nanotechnology products 2-14
References 2-17
3 Materiomics 3-1
3.1 The importance of microscopic techniques for the development 3-1
of science
3.2 Other research techniques allowing the development of science 3-5
3.3 Definition of materiomics 3-8
3.4 Current applications of materiomics 3-10
References 3-13
4 Biological recognition of materials 4-1
4.1 Life and matter 4-1
4.2 The principle of correspondence in science 4-4
4.3 Artificial cell 4-5
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BiologicalEvaluationofMaterials
4.4 Molecular interactions and recognition 4-7
4.5 Signal transduction and particles uptake 4-9
4.6 Molecular biology methods 4-11
4.7 Biological recognition of stress 4-14
References 4-15
5 Quantum basis of materials recognition by cells 5-1
5.1 A new strategy for the identification and grouping of nanomaterials 5-1
5.2 Postulates 5-2
5.3 Supporting arguments 5-3
5.4 The quantum effects of nanomaterials 5-3
5.5 More on biological material recognition 5-9
5.6 Some practical considerations 5-12
References 5-15
6 Considerations of substrate bonding and catalysis models 6-1
6.1 The essence of the chemical reaction 6-1
6.2 Reaction kinetics 6-2
6.3 Kinetic theory of collisions 6-4
6.4 Catalysis and tunneling 6-4
6.5 Chemical bonds 6-7
6.6 Hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions 6-10
6.7 Molecular tunneling and molecular interactions 6-12
6.8 Interactions with nanomaterials 6-13
References 6-14
7 Summary 7-1
vi
Preface
At first glance, materials science and the life sciences are so far removed from each
otherthatitisdifficulttofindanyconnectionbetweenthem,butsucharelationship
exists and is extremely important for further development. New materials with
intentionalproperties,belongingtothegroupofbiomaterials,allowforapplications
and medical technologies which have not been achieved until recently. However,
with the current state of knowledge and technology, the dreams of creating one
‘super biomaterial’ suitable for all biomedical applications should be shelved. Even
nature has not coped with such a challenge and for the performance of various
functions ithasdevelopeddifferenttissueswithdifferentmechanicalpropertiesand
differentprofilesofbiologicalactivity,althoughtheformationandfunctioningofall
these tissues is based on one polymer material, which is the genetic material
contained in the cell. This material is identical in every cell of a given organism,
regardless of the function of the cell in the tissue, and the tissue in the body. In this
sense, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) can be described as a ‘super biomaterial’. Of
course, in the future it may turn out that materials science is able to produce
materialswithunlimitedabilitytoadapttoenvironmentalconditions andthusable
to replace different types of tissues in terms of both strength and function. To
achieve this aim, close co-operation between the representatives of both materials
science and the life sciences is necessary. Traditionally, the representatives of
materialsscienceusuallyusephysicochemicalmethodsofproducingandresearching
newmaterials,includingnanomaterials,usuallynotfeelingeventhesmallestneedto
use biological methods in their research. The only exception is biomaterials
engineering, where the need for biological assessment of biomaterials is obvious.
It seems, however, that the era of biology in materials science has already arrived
and the joint use of physicochemical and biological methods is key to progress and
solving the most complicated problems in materials science. In this way, at the
beginning of the twenty-first century, the field of materiomics, combining materials
science with the life sciences, has appeared and emphasized the need for the
biological assessment of materials.
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Author biographies
Bogdan Walkowiak
BogdanWalkowiak,agraduateofnuclearphysicsattheUniversity
of Lodz, Poland (1978), obtained his PhD in natural sciences from
theMedicalAcademyinLodz,Poland(1985).In1989–90hewasa
postdoctoralfellowattheStateUniversityofNewYork,Brooklyn,
NY, USA. He was then employed at the Medical University of
Lodz, Poland, at the same time receiving training at the companies
PerkinElmer,PharmaciaBiotech,AmershamBiosciences,BiaCore
AB, AlphaMOS, and General Electric Life Sciences. In the years
1993–2012 he was a scientific advisor in the Warsaw office of GE Healthcare
(formerly Amersham Bioscience, Pharmacia, and LKB). In 1994 he obtained his
habilitationinmedicalbiology,andin2003thetitleofProfessorofMedicalSciences
inthefieldofmedicalbiology.In2000hefoundedtheDepartmentofBiophysicsat
the Lodz University of Technology which he managed until the end of 2021,
coordinated the Center for Advanced Technologies BioTechMed, and participated
in the implementation of the BioNanoPark project at the Technopark in Lodz,
Poland,wherehewasemployedasthescientificleaderofBionanoparkLaboratories
(2012–21). From 2012–20 he represented Poland in the Nanomaterials Expert
Group of the European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki, Finland. Currently, he is a
Professor at the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering of the Lodz
University of Technology.
Magdalena Walkowiak-Przybyło
Magdalena Walkowiak-Przybyło, a graduate of Pharmacy at the
Medical University of Lodz, Poland (2009), obtained her PhD in
materials science at the Lodz University of Technology, Poland
(2014). During her PhD studies (2009–14) she was granted several
scholarships (e.g. ‘Scholarships to support innovative research of
PhD students’ (2009), ‘Research scholarships for the best PhD
studentsinthefieldofnewtechnologies’(2012–13)).From2019to
2021sheworkedasaScientificandTechnicalSpecialistinthefield
of materiomics at the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz
University of Technology, and in the years 2020–21 she was employed as an
AssistantProfessoratthesameinstitute.Duringtheyears2009–20,inparallelwith
her scientific path, she continued working as a pharmacist in a community
pharmacy. Currently she works for a pharmaceutical company, involved in
medicinal product development in foreign markets with a great emphasis on
regulatory activities.
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BiologicalEvaluationofMaterials
Piotr Komorowski
Piotr Komorowski graduated from the Lodz University of
Technology, Poland, in 2003 with a Master’s Degree in
Mechanical Engineering, specialty—Medical Apparatus and
Equipment. He started his scientific career at the Department
of Biophysics of the Institute of Materials Science and
Engineering atthe LodzUniversity ofTechnology. After receiv-
ing his PhD in materials science (2010), he took the position of
Head of the Laboratory of Molecular and Nanostructural
Biophysics and the Laboratory of Structural Research of Nanomaterials in
BioNanoPark Ltd, Lodz, Poland. Dr Komorowski has completed several training
courses in molecular biology, proteomics, and biophysics, and is a specialist in the
field of biological evaluation of nanomaterials and other products of innovative
technologies.Hasextensiveexperience inimplementingthe currenttechniques used
incellularandmolecularbiology,includingcellviability,cytotoxicityandgenotox-
icity, as well as transcriptomics and proteomics.
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