Biological Distance Analysis: Forensic and Bioarchaeological Perspectives

517 Pages·2016·7.937 MB·English

by  Marin A. Pilloud, Joseph T. Hefner

Biological Distance Analysis
Biological Distance Analysis
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Biological Distance Analysis
Forensic and Bioarchaeological
Perspectives
Edited by
Marin A. Pilloud
Joseph T. Hefner
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Contents
Contributors xvii
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxix
SECTION 1 BIODISTANCE DATA, DATASETS,
AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
CHAPTER 1 A Brief History of Biological Distance Analysis...............................................3
J.T. Hefner, M.A.Pilloud,J.E. Buikstra, C.C.M. Vogelsberg
Introduction......................................................................................................................3
Natural Philosophy and Anatomy....................................................................................4
Craniometric Analysis......................................................................................................4
NonmetricTrait Analysis.................................................................................................6
Dental Morphology...........................................................................................................8
Dental Metrics..................................................................................................................9
Changesin StatisticalApproaches.................................................................................10
Scales of Analysis andKinship.......................................................................................11
AncientDNA and Biodistance......................................................................................12
Forensic Anthropology, Race, and Human Variation...................................................12
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................13
Endnotes..........................................................................................................................13
References.......................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 2 Biological Distances and Population Genetics in Bioarchaeology..................23
J.H. Relethford
Introduction....................................................................................................................23
Euclidean Distance..........................................................................................................24
Mahalanobis’sDistance...................................................................................................25
R-Matrix Theoryand Biological Distance.....................................................................25
R-Matrix Theoryand Quantitative Traits.....................................................................26
Assessingthe ImpactofGeneticDrift...........................................................................29
ExaminingDifferential Long-Range Gene Flow............................................................29
Closing Thoughts............................................................................................................30
References.......................................................................................................................31
v
vi Contents
CHAPTER3 Craniometric Data Analysis and Estimation of Biodistance...........................35
B.Dudzik,A. Kolatorowicz
History ofCraniometric Data Collectionand Analysis.................................................36
DataCollection Protocols..............................................................................................37
Types ofMeasurements...........................................................................................37
SelectingMeasurements..........................................................................................40
Instrumentation.......................................................................................................41
Optionsfor Recording Measurements.....................................................................46
Error inCraniometry...............................................................................................46
Procedures................................................................................................................48
Heritability......................................................................................................................49
BioarchaeologicalandForensic Approachesto Craniometric Data..............................52
Common Statistical Methodsin Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology......53
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................55
References.......................................................................................................................55
CHAPTER4 Advanced Methods in 3-D Craniofacial Morphological Analysis...................61
P. Urbanová, A.H. Ross
Introduction....................................................................................................................61
Reference DataSetson Craniofacial Variation.............................................................65
Computer-AidedLandmark Processing for Sex and Ancestry Assessment...................66
Material...........................................................................................................................68
3D-ID Database.......................................................................................................68
European DataSets.................................................................................................69
BrazilianDataSets..................................................................................................71
Methods...................................................................................................................72
Results......................................................................................................................72
Validation of3D-ID Database on European Samples............................................74
The Forensic 3-D DatabasedEuropean Data Sets.................................................76
MorphologicalVariation Among BrazilianGroups................................................76
MorphologicalAffinity ofBrazilian Groups to3D-ID Data Sets..................................79
European Brazilians and Iberian Populations.........................................................79
Japanese Brazilians, Asians, Mesoamericans, and South Americans......................80
African Brazilians, African Americans, and Native Africans................................80
Discussion........................................................................................................................81
Conclusion......................................................................................................................85
References.......................................................................................................................86
Contents vii
CHAPTER 5 Cranial Nonmetric and Morphoscopic Data Sets............................................91
C.M. Pink, C.Maier,M.A. Pilloud, J.T. Hefner
Introduction....................................................................................................................91
Nomenclature..........................................................................................................92
Cranial Nonmetric DataSets.........................................................................................93
Data CollectionProtocols.......................................................................................94
HeritabilityandCranial Nonmetric Traits.............................................................95
Morphoscopic Data.........................................................................................................97
Data CollectionProtocols.......................................................................................97
Heritabilityof MorphoscopicTraits.......................................................................98
Measures ofBiological Distance.....................................................................................98
Bioarchaeology........................................................................................................99
Forensic Anthropology..........................................................................................101
Conclusions...................................................................................................................102
References.....................................................................................................................102
CHAPTER 6 Dental Morphology in Biodistance Analysis..................................................109
M.A. Pilloud, H.J.H. Edgar, R. George, G.R.Scott
Dental Morphology.......................................................................................................111
Dental Terminology..............................................................................................111
Heritability............................................................................................................113
Dental Development.............................................................................................114
Threshold Traits....................................................................................................115
Data Collectionand Treatment............................................................................116
PopulationVariation....................................................................................................118
Sinodont/Sundadont.............................................................................................118
Afridont.................................................................................................................119
Eurodont................................................................................................................120
Forensic Application.....................................................................................................120
Bioarchaeological Application......................................................................................122
Intracemetery.........................................................................................................123
Population Level...................................................................................................123
Evolution and DentalMorphology...............................................................................123
Hominins...............................................................................................................124
Anatomically Modern Humans............................................................................124
Conclusions...................................................................................................................125
Endnotes........................................................................................................................125
References.....................................................................................................................126
viii Contents
CHAPTER7 Dental Metrics in Biodistance Analysis..........................................................135
M.A. Pilloud, M.W.Kenyhercz
DentalDevelopment.....................................................................................................136
DentalMetrics: The Data.............................................................................................136
Mesiodistal Diameter.............................................................................................137
Buccolingual Diameter..........................................................................................137
Crown Height........................................................................................................137
Alternative Measurements....................................................................................139
Heritability....................................................................................................................140
Biological Considerations.............................................................................................141
Sex.........................................................................................................................141
Age........................................................................................................................142
Biological Stress.....................................................................................................143
Statistical Analysis........................................................................................................143
Observer Error.......................................................................................................143
Sexual Dimorphism...............................................................................................144
Methods toNegate Multicollinearity....................................................................144
Population Variation andEvolution............................................................................146
Forensic Applications...................................................................................................147
BioarchaeologicalApplications....................................................................................148
Conclusions...................................................................................................................149
Endnote.........................................................................................................................149
References.....................................................................................................................149
CHAPTER8 Do Biological Distances Reflect Genetic Distances? A Comparison
of Craniometric and Genetic Distances at Local and Global Scales.............157
H.F. Smith, B.I. Hulsey, F.L. (Pack) West, G.S. Cabana
Background...................................................................................................................158
Methods........................................................................................................................161
Samples..................................................................................................................161
Data Collection: Morphological...........................................................................161
Data Collection: Genetic......................................................................................165
Analytical Methods...............................................................................................167
Results...........................................................................................................................169
Local Interindividual Analyses: NorrisFarms#36 Individuals............................169
Discussion......................................................................................................................173
Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................176
References.....................................................................................................................176