Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, Second Edition

658 Pages·2008·13.95 MB·English

BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
OF THE HUMAN SKELETON
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
OF THE HUMAN SKELETON
Second Edition
Edited by
M. ANNE KATZENBERG
Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary
SHELLEY R. SAUNDERS
Department of Anthropology, McMaster University
Copyright#2008byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved
PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey
PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108of
the1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthrough
payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,
MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on theweb at www.copyright.com. Requeststo the Publisher for
permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken,
NJ07030,[phone],fax[phone],oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook,
theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecifi-
callydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedor
extendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable
for yoursituation. Youshould consult with a professionalwhere appropriate. Neither the publishernorauthor shall be
liableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,
orotherdamages.
For general information on ourother products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care
DepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002.
Wileyalsopublishesitbooksinvarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailablein
electronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-publicationDataisavailable.
ISBN:978-0-471-79372-4
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Toourfamilies
toSteveandMarty
M.AnneKatzenberg
toVictor,Rob,andBarb
ShelleyR.Saunders
CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION—M. ANNE KATZENBERG
AND SHELLEY R. SAUNDERS xi
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION—M. ANNE KATZENBERG
AND SHELLEY R. SAUNDERS xv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi
CONTRIBUTORS xxiii
FOREWORD—JANE E. BUIKSTRA xxxiii
PART I THEORY AND APPLICATION IN STUDIES OF PAST PEOPLES 1
1 BioarchaeologicalEthics:AHistoricalPerspectiveonthe
ValueofHumanRemains 3
Phillip L. Walker
2 ForensicAnthropology:MethodologyandDiversityof
Applications 41
Douglas H. Ubelaker
3 TaphonomyandtheNatureofArchaeologicalAssemblages 71
Ann L. W. Stodder
vii
viii CONTENTS
PART II MORPHOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANALYSES 115
4 JuvenileSkeletonsandGrowth-RelatedStudies 117
Shelley R. Saunders
5 HistomorphometryofHumanCorticalBone:Applicationsto
AgeEstimation 149
Alexander G. Robling and Sam D. Stout
6 BiomechanicalAnalysesofArchaeologicalHumanSkeletons 183
Christopher B. Ruff
7 MorphometricsandBiologicalAnthropologyinthePostgenomicAge 207
Benedikt Hallgr|¤msson, Miriam Leah Zelditch, Trish E. Parsons,
Erika Kristensen, Nathan M. Young, and Steven K. Boyd
8 ReadingBetweentheLines:DentalDevelopmentand
SubadultAgeAssessmentUsingtheMicrostructural
GrowthMarkersofTeeth 237
Charles M. FitzGerald and Jerome C. Rose
9 DentalMorphology 265
G. Richard Scott
PART III PREHISTORIC HEALTH AND DISEASE 299
10 DentalPathology 301
Simon Hillson
11 AnalysisandInterpretationofSkeletalTrauma 341
Nancy C. Lovell
12 LightandBrokenBones:ExaminingandInterpreting
BoneLossandOsteoporosisinPastPopulations 387
Sabrina C. Agarwal
PART IV CHEMICAL AND GENETIC ANALYSES OF HARD TISSUES 411
13 StableIsotopeAnalysis:AToolforStudyingPastDiet,
Demography,andLifeHistory 413
M. Anne Katzenberg
CONTENTS ix
14 BoneChemistryandTraceElementAnalysis 443
James Burton
15 DNAAnalysisofArchaeologicalRemains 461
Anne C. Stone
PART V QUANTITATIVE METHODS AND POPULATION STUDIES 485
16 MetricAnalysisofSkeletalRemains:MethodsandApplications 487
Michael Pietrusewsky
17 NonmetricTraitVariationintheSkeleton:Abnormalities,
Anomalies,andAtavisms 533
Shelley R. Saunders and Dori L. Rainey
18 AdvancesinPaleodemography 561
George R. Milner, James W. Wood, and Jesper L. Boldsen
19 MethodandTheoryinPaleodemography,withan
ApplicationtoaHunting,FishingandGathering
VillagefromtheLateEasternWoodlandsofNorthAmerica 601
Richard S. Meindl, Robert P. Mensforth, and C. Owen Lovejoy
Index 619
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
The preface to the first edition sets out the aspracticalguidelines,applications,andcritical
goals we hoped to accomplish by preparing reviews of research approaches, including a
the volume titled, Biological Anthropology of wealth of selected references for additional
the Human Skeleton. In this second edition reading.
weendeavortomaintainthosegoals,toupdate The book is divided into five parts,
recent developments in skeletal studies and althoughconsiderableoverlapexistsandsome
particularly,toemphasizeinformationthatpro- chapters could have easily appeared in one or
videsthe reader with a basic understanding of another section. Part I is titled “Theory and
thevarioustechniquesandmethodsofinvesti- Application in Studies of Past People” and
gatingbonesandteeth.Manychaptersinclude includes three chapters. As before, the first
examples, set off from the main body of the chapter, on ethical considerations of working
text, that illustrate or offer more detail about with human skeletal remains, is presented
theparticularanalysisunderconsideration.We by Phillip Walker. Walker has updated and
also provide six new chapters on topics not expanded the scope of his chapter to include
covered in the previous edition. These topics worldwideexamplesofproblemsandsolutions
include taphonomic factors affecting burial to working with human remains. The second
assemblages, nonmetric traits of the skeleton chapter,byDouglasUbelaker,providescurrent
and dentition, trauma, osteoporosis, and new perspectives on the interrelationship between
developments in morphometric analysis. It is forensic anthropology and more traditional
our hope that the book will be used in upper studies in humanosteology,arguingthatthese
level undergraduate and graduate courses in are complementary fields of inquiry. The field
human skeletal studies (e.g., advanced human of forensic anthropology has gained promi-
osteology)aswellasbyinterestedprofessionals nence since the publication of the first edition
seeking a better understanding of advanced ofthisbook,withanincreaseinthenumberof
methodsinosteologicalresearch.Thechapters academic positions in the field, and increased
should provide an entry point into a particular participation by forensic anthropologists in
specialty,withbackgroundinformationaswell medico-legal investigations. The third chapter
xi
xii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
inthefirstsectionisanewcontributionbyAnn variants of the teeth and very practical advice
L. Stodder, ontaphonomyand human skeletal on how to recognize and record dental crown
remains.Stodderdrawsfromherexperiencein traits so that they can be used in population
working with burials and specific burial con- studies.
texts in several different regions of the world Part III, “Prehistoric Health and Disease,”
toofferacomprehensivereviewofthevarious includes three chapters. Simon Hillson has
postmortem factors that affect the integrity of updated his previous chapter on dental patho-
theskeletonafterdeath. logy, retaining a protocol for data collection
Part II is newly titled “Morphological and updating the state of our understanding of
and Developmental Analyses” and includes thecausesandimplicationsofpathologicalcon-
five chapters on development and modeling ditions of the teeth and supporting structures.
of bones and teeth. “Juvenile Skeletons and NancyLovellprovidesanewchapteronskeletal
Growth Related Studies,” by Shelley trauma. This chapter focuses on fractures but
Saunders, examines the problems of studying also includes more general information on
juvenile skeletal remains from archaeological responses of bone to trauma and diagnostic
sites. This chapter has been updated with new procedures for evaluating trauma in the past.
examplesofapplicationsfromSaunders’exten- The third chapter is also new to the second
sive work with historic cemeteries. Alexander edition. Sabrina Agarwal presents information
Robling and Sam Stout have revised their on osteoporosis in past populations with both
previous contribution on histomorphometry cross-cultural and historical perspectives.
and, once again, provide helpful appendices, She offers a very useful comparison of the
including a worked example of age deter- advantages and disadvantages of the different
mination from cortical bone histology and a methodologicaltechniquesforobtaininginfor-
compilation of various histomorphometric mationonbonemass,density,andqualityand
techniques for age determination from various theirrelevancetothestudyofpastpopulations.
skeletalelements.ChristopherRuffhasupdated Part IV, “Chemical and Genetic Analyses
his chapter on biomechanical analyses, provid- of Hard Tissues,” as in the previous edition,
ing new examples and illustrations. Benedikt includes three chapters. Anne Katzenberg
Hallgrimsson and colleagues present a new describes methods and applications of stable
chapter on the “new morphometrics” and the isotope analysis that are used to reconstruct
importance of understanding the interface diet,estimatethedurationofnursing,anddeter-
betweenmorphometricstudiesinthebiological mine residence and migration patterns of the
sciences andthosestudies inbiological anthro- past. This field has expanded considerably
pologyinthecontextofamoresolidunderstand- since the previous edition. James Burton dis-
ing of genetic mechanisms and their role in cusses bone chemistry and the trace elements
determining phenotypic variation. The chapter ofbonethathavebeenusedtoreconstructpast
ondentalmicrostructure,byCharlesFitzGerald dietaswellasstudiesfocusingonpostmortem
and Jerome Rose, retains the clear descriptions alterationsofbonechemistry.AnneStonepro-
of the microscopic structure of teeth and the vides background and examples of ancient
eventsrecordedindentalmicrostructures,includ- DNA studies from human remains. She illus-
ingevidenceforstressandforagedetermination. trates the significant challenges of working
Examples of more recent applications and new with ancient DNA, the fact that it is highly
technological developments have been added. subject to destruction and contamination and
Thefinalchapterinthissectionisanewcontri- expensive to analyse. She also points out that
butionbyRichardScottondentalmorphology, hypotheses about the genetics of populations
specificallydentalnonmetrictraits.Thechapter in the past must be consistent with what is
provides descriptions of various morphological known about modern populations and that
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xiii
research projects require the coordination of suchasDNAstudies.Asinthepreviousedition,
expertise from many different fields from there are two chapters on paleodemography.
paleopathologytoarchaeology. George Milner, James Wood, and Jesper
Part V includes four chapters on quantita- Boldsen have updated their previous contribu-
tive methods and population studies. Michael tion focusing on both the promises and the
Pietrusewsky has updated his contribution limitationsofpaleodemographicstudies.Anew
on metric analysis, focusing on craniometric chapter by Richard Meindl, Robert Mensforth,
studies for population reconstruction. He pro- andOwenLovejoyprovidesadetailedexample
vides an example from his extensive work in of a particular paleodemographic study, from
Polynesia. Shelley Saunders and Dori Rainey theLibbensite,innorthernOhio.
provide a new chapter on skeletal non-metric As with the previous edition, we hope that
traits.Theycriticallyreviewthebackgroundof this volume will provide useful information
such studies and include illustrations of many forbothcurrentandfuturebiologicalanthropol-
of the more commonly used traits. They offer ogistsinterestedinthelatestresearchonhuman
suggestions for future areas of research in this skeletalanddentalremains.
field,includingstudyoftheontogenicdevelop-
ment of specific traits and the relationship
between the prevalence of traits in past popu- M.ANNEKATZENBERG
lationsandinformationonotherskeletalcriteria SHELLEYR.SAUNDERS