Biological Anthropology and Ethics: From Repatriation to Genetic Identity

335 Pages·2005·2.68 MB·English

by  Trudy R. Turner

Biological Anthropology and Ethics

Biological Anthropology
and Ethics
From Repatriation to Genetic Identity
E
DITED BY
T R. T
RUDY URNER
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS
Published by
State University of New York Press, Albany
© 2005 State University of New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biological anthropology and ethics : from repatriation to genetic identity / edited
by Trudy R. Turner.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7914-6295-1 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7914-6296-X (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Physical anthropology. 2. Anthropological ethics. 3. Human genetics—Moral and
ethical aspects. 4. Human population genetics. 5. Human remains
(Archaeology)—Repatriation. I. Turner, Trudy, R. 1950–
GN62.B55 2004
599.9—dc22 2004042981
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
1. Introduction: Ethical Concerns in Biological Anthropology
Trudy R. Turner 1
2. Field Primatologists: Duties, Rights, and Obligations
Linda D. Wolfe 15
3. Studies of Primates in the Field and in Captivity:
Similarities and Differences in Ethical Concerns
Leanne T. Nash 27
4. Habituating Primates for Field Study:
Ethical Considerations for African Great Apes
Michele L. Goldsmith 49
5. Biological Samples in the Modern Zoological Park:
A Case Study from the Bronx Zoo
Cathi Lehn 65
6. Commentary: Ethical Issues Surrounding the Use of
Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research
Jay Kaplan 79
7. Ethical Issues in the Molding and Casting
of Fossil Specimens
Janet M. Monge and Alan E. Mann 91
8. The Ethics of Bioarchaeology
Clark Spencer Larsen and Phillip L. Walker 111
9. Ethical Concerns in Forensic Anthropology
Heather Walsh-Haney and Leslie S. Lieberman 121
10. Commentary: A Discussion of Ethical Issues
in Skeletal Biology
Susan C. Antón 133
vii
viii Contents
11. Ethical Issues in Human Biology Behavioral Research
and Research with Children
Sara Stinson 139
12. Institutional Review Boards: The Structural and Cultural
Obstacles Encountered in Human Biological Research
Stacy Zamudio 149
13. Darkness in El Dorado: Claims, Counter-Claims,
and the Obligations of Researchers
Trudy R. Turner and Jeffrey D. Nelson 165
14. A Case Study of Ethical Issues in Genetic Research:
The Sally Hemings-Thomas Jefferson Story
Sloan R. Williams 185
15. Psychological and Ethical Issues Related to Identity
and Inferring Ancestry of African Americans
Cynthia E. Winston and Rick A. Kittles 209
16. The Consent Process and aDNA Research:
Contrasting Approaches in North America
Dennis H. O’Rourke, M. Geoffry Hayes,
and Shawn W. Carlyle 231
17. Working with ancient DNA: NAGPRA,
Kennewick Man, and Other Ancient Peoples
Frederika A. Kaestle and David G. Smith 241
18. Commentary: Changing Standards of Informed Consent:
Raising the Bar
Jonathan S. Friedlaender 263
19. Commentary: An Overview of Human Subjects
Research in Biological Anthropology
Jeffrey C. Long 275
20. Commentary: Data Sharing and Access to Information
Trudy R. Turner 281
Appendix I. Code of Ethics of the American
Anthropological Association 289
Appendix II. Code of Ethics of the American
Association of Physical Anthropologists 299
List of Contributors 309
Index 317
In memory of my parents
Harry and Fay Turner
who survived a world where ethics were forgotten
Contents ix
Acknowledgments
In February 1999, nearly fifty people, including anthropologists, geneticists
involved in studies of human diversity, ethicists and attorneys specializing in
genetic and biomedical issues, and member of some of the involved commu-
nities participated in a workshop in Milwaukee entitled “Anthropology, Ge-
netic Diversity and Ethics.” The aim of the workshop was to discuss research
on genetics in diverse, identified populations. Workshop participants engaged
in frank discussions of the issues and were able to reach consensus on some
of the practices that facilitate this type of research, including the need for
trust between the researcher and the individuals in the study. All the par-
ticipants in the workshop recognized that the steps we were taking at the
workshop were necessary beginning steps. Discussions of ethics in both an-
thropological genetics and our discipline as a whole needed to be extended
and expanded. This recognition led directly to a symposium at the 2001
American Association of Physical Anthropologists meetings on “Biological
Anthropology and Ethics.” The symposium would extend the discussion of
ethics to all aspects of biological anthropology. The room the symposium was
held in was filled to overflowing. Many people listened from the hall. Again,
one of the themes that emerged was the continuing need for discussions on
ethics in our profession. This book is a result of that symposium. Moreover,
the participants of the symposium felt that this would be a way to continue
the discussion. Our hope is that students and colleagues will use this book to
help them engage in continuing discussion of ethics in our professional lives.
Participants in the symposium and in this volume employed a case study
approach in their presentations. Each participant was asked to present mate-
rial on an ethical situation that they had faced and to discuss how they had
dealt with the issues. A discussion of the ethics of a situation that one faces
is both courageous and daunting. Many of the participants remarked that it
was much more difficult to write than any other type of paper. I am very
grateful to the participants for allowing us some entry into the issues they
confront in their professional lives.
ix
x Acknowledgments
I am also indebted to the National Science Foundation for funding for the
original symposium. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Mark Weiss for his
continuing consultation. The reviewer’s comments were helpful and are grate-
fully acknowledged. Michael Rinella, Diane Ganeles, and the editorial staff
at SUNY Press have been helpful and gracious as they answered many ques-
tion. I also thank Patricia Sloane-White and Jeffrey Nelson for their help with
this project. My everlasting thanks go to Scott, David, and Micah for their
patience and support.