Table Of ContentEdited by
Jack E. Rechcigl
and
Nancy A. Rechcigl
BIOLOGICAL AND
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL
CONTROL OF
INSECT PESTS
LEWIS PUBLISHERS
Boca Raton New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biological and Biotechnological Control of Insect Pests edited/
by Jack E. Rechcigl and Nancy A. Rechcigl
p. cm. (Agriculture and Environment Series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-479-0 (alk. paper)
1. Insect pests--Biological control.
2. Biological pest control agents.
3. Agricultural
biotechnology.
I. Rechcigl, Nancy A.
II. Title.
III. Series: Agriculture & environment series.
SB933.3.R436 1999
632
′.96
5—dc21
99-31226
CIP
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Agriculture and Environment Series
Jack E. Rechcigl
Editor-in-Chief
Agriculture is an essential part of our economy on which we all depend for food,
feed and fiber. With increased agricultural productivity in this country as well as
abroad, the general public has taken agriculture for granted while voicing their
concern and dismay over possible adverse effects of agriculture on the environment.
The public debate that has ensued on the subject has been brought about, in part,
by the indiscriminate use of agricultural chemicals and, in part, by disinformation,
based largely on anecdotal evidence.
At the national level recommendations have been made for increased research
in this area by such bodies as the Office of Technology Assessment, the National
Academy of Sciences, and the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and
Government. Specific issues identified for attention include contamination of surface
and groundwater by natural and chemical fertilizers, pesticides and sediment, the
continued abuse of fragile and nutrient poor soils, and suitable disposal of industrial
and agricultural waste.
Although a number of publications have appeared recently on specific environ-
mental effects of some agricultural practices, no attempt has been made to approach
the subject systematically and comprehensively. The aim of this series is to fill the
gap by providing the synthesis and critical analysis of the state of the art in different
areas of agriculture bearing on environment and of environment on agriculture.
Efforts will also be made to review research in progress and to comment on per-
spectives for the future. From time to time methodological treatises as well as
compendia of important data in handbook form will also be included. The emphasis
throughout the series will be on comprehensiveness, comparative aspects, alternative
approaches, innovation, and worldwide orientation.
Specific topics will be selected by the Editor-in-Chief with the council of an
international advisory board. Imaginative and timely suggestions for the inclusion
in the series from individual scientists will be given serious consideration.
PUBLISHED TITLES
Environmentally Safe Approaches to Crop Disease Control
Soil Amendments and Environmental Quality
Soil Amendments: Impacts on Biotic Systems
FORTHCOMING TITLES
Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection
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Dedication
To our parents and our family for their love and support.
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Preface
Pest and disease management continues to be an important challenge to the
agricultural community. Confronted with the shifts in pest pressure and the rise in
new pest and crop problems, coupled with public concern over pesticide use and
more stringent environmental regulations, today’s crop producer must exhibit good
stewardship and stay current with new technologies in order to produce high-quality
crops in a profitable manner.
Concerns over environmental health and public safety, which were responsible
for the removal of some highly effective broad-spectrum chemicals from the agri-
cultural market, have led private companies and the research community to seek
alternative approaches to improving crop protection. As a result, we have seen the
development and registration of new reduced risk crop protection products. Products
with this classification tend to have a more narrow spectrum of activity by targeting
specific life stages or pest species. They are generally considered to be less toxic to
the environment and can be integrated more easily into pest management systems
that are based on biological control. Suppression of pest organisms by their natural
enemies is recognized as one of the most suitable long-term pest management
strategies for many production systems. Consequently, great effort has been exerted
toward identification of natural enemies to effectively suppress various pests in
different types of production systems. As more information is learned and these
systems become more refined, we will see even more applications of this technology
used in the future.
The purpose of this book is to present an overview of various alternative measures
to traditional pest management practices, utilizing the biological control approaches
as well as biotechnology. Other alternative measures using chemical insecticides,
such as ecology control and integrated pest management, are the subject of a separate
volume and consequently will not be discussed here.
The book is comprised of four sections. The first contains individual chapters
concerning the use of various biological control agents. Specifically, there are chap-
ters on insect parasitoids and predators, pathogenic microorganisms, semiochemi-
cals, including pheromones, botanical insecticides, and insect growth regulators. The
second deals with physiological and genetic approaches, namely the genetic control
of insect pests and plant resistance to insects. The third section is devoted to various
ways of making biological control of insect pests more effective, utilizing the latest
advances in biotechnology. One chapter deals with the genetic engineering of insect
resistance in plants and the second chapter with the genetic engineering of biocontrol
agents of insects. A separate chapter is devoted to environmental impact of geneti-
cally engineered materials. The last section covers various aspects of governmental
regulations when using biological control agents, as well as procedures governing
the use of the recombinant DNA technology.
The individual chapters were written by experts in their fields of endeavor. The
book should be of great interest not only to students, teachers, and researchers but
also to agricultural practitioners, policy makers, and intelligent laymen concerned
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with food security and public safety. The book’s subjects cover aspects of entomol-
ogy, agricultural microbiology, plant physiology, plant biochemistry, economic bot-
any, genetics and plant breeding, plant resistance, genetic engineering, environmental
science, public policy, and law.
This publication should be a useful resource to students and professionals in the
fields of entomology, agronomy, horticulture, and environmental sciences and those
concerned with environmental issues in agriculture.
The editors wish to thank the individual contributors for the time and effort they
put into the preparation of their chapters. In addition, special thanks are due to the
Ann Arbor Press and CRC Press Staff and Editorial Board.
Jack E. Rechcigl
Nancy A. Rechcigl
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The Editors
Jack E. Rechcigl
is a Professor of Soil and Environ-
mental Sciences at the University of Florida and is
located at the Research and Education Center in Ona,
FL. He received his B.S. degree (1982) in Agriculture
from the University of Delaware, Newark, DE and his
M.S. (1983) and Ph.D. (1986) degrees in Soil Science
from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univer-
sity, Blacksburg, VA. He joined the faculty of the Uni-
versity of Florida in 1986 as Assistant Professor, in
1991 was promoted to Associate Professor, and in 1996
attained Full Professorship. In 1999, he was named a
University of Florida Research Foundation Professor.
Dr. Rechcigl has authored over 200 publications,
including contributions to books, monographs, and articles in periodicals in the fields
of soil fertility, environmental quality, and water pollution. His research has been
supported by research grants totaling over $3 million from both private sources and
government agencies. Dr. Rechcigl has been a frequent speaker at national and
international workshops and conferences and has consulted in various countries,
including Canada, Brazil, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan,
Philippines, France, and the Czech Republic. He also serves on a number of national
and international boards, including the University of Cukurova Mediterranean Inter-
national Center for Soils and Environment Research in Turkey.
He is currently Editor-in-Chief of the
Agriculture and Environment Book Series
,
Associate Editor of the Soil and Crop Science Society Proceedings, and until recently
Associate Editor of the
Journal of Environmental Quality
. Most recently he has
edited
Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection
(Lewis
Publishers, 2000),
Environmentally Safe Approaches to Crop Disease Control
(Lewis
Publishers and CRC Press, 1997),
Soil Amendments: Impacts on Biotic Systems
(Lewis Publishers and CRC Press, 1995), and
Use of By-Products and Wastes in
Agriculture
(American Chemical Society, 1997). He is also serving as an invitational
reviewer of manuscripts and grant proposals for scientific journals and granting
agencies.
Dr. Rechcigl is a member of the American Chemical Society, Soil Science Society
of America, American Society of Agronomy, International Soil Science Society, Czech-
oslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, various trade organizations, and the honorary
societies of Sigma Xi, Gamma Sigma Delta, Phi Sigma, and Gamma Beta Phi.
Dr. Rechcigl has been the recipient of numerous awards, including the Sigma
Xi Research Award, University of Philippines Research Award, University of Florida
Research Honor Award, and University of Florida Research Achievement Award.
Most recently he was elected a Fellow of the American Society of Agronomy, Fellow
of the Soil Science Society of America, and the recipient of Honorary Professorship
from the Czech Agricultural University in Prague.
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Nancy A. Rechcigl
holds the position of entomolo-
gist with Yoder Bros. Inc., Parrish, FL, specializing
in plant disease and entomological problems of flo-
ricultural crops. Prior to joining Yoder Bros., Nancy
worked for the University of Florida (1989–1994)
as a County Horticultural Agent, providing diagnos-
tic services and information on cultural practices and
pest management to horticultural, landscape, and
pest control industries. As an Extension Agent she
was also responsible for supervising the County
Master Gardener Program, providing instructional
classes and operating a Plant Clinic that was popular
with the urban community. From 1986 to 1989, she
worked for Ball PanAm Inc., Parrish, FL as a Plant Pathologist responsible for the
disease certification program of ornamental plants.
Over the past 12 years, Ms. Rechcigl has given numerous lectures on the iden-
tification and control of disease and pest problems of turf and ornamentals. In
addition to writing a weekly gardening column “Suncoast Gardening” for the urban
community, she frequently contributes articles to local trade and professional jour-
nals. Most recently she has co-edited
the books
Environmentally Safe Approaches
to Crop Disease Control
(Lewis Publishers and CRC Press, 1997), and
Insect Pest
Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection
(Lewis Publishers, 2000).
Ms. Rechcigl received her B.S. degree (1983) in Plant Pathology from the
University of Delaware, Newark, DE. She did her graduate work at Virginia Poly-
technic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, receiving her M.S. degree in
1986, specializing in Plant Virology.
Ms. Rechcigl is an active member of the American Phytopathological Society,
Entomological Society of America, Florida Nurserymen and Growers Association,
Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, and the Honorary Society of Phi Kappa
Phi.
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Contributors
Nancy E. Beckage
Department of Entomology
University of California
Riverside, California
Diane L. Belnavis
Longwood Gardens
Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
Bryony C. Bonning
Department of Entomology
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
J. Lindsey Flexner
Agricultural Products Department
Stine-Haskell Research Center
E. I. DuPont de Nemours Co., Inc.
Newark, Delaware
Angharad M. R. Gatehouse
Department of Biological Sciences
University of Durham
Durham, United Kingdom
John A. Gatehouse
Department of Biological Sciences
University of Durham
Durham, United Kingdom
Robert L. Harrison
Department of Entomology
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
Phillip O. Hutton
Office of Pesticides Program
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
G. Karg
Faculty of Biology
University of Kaiserslautern
Kaiserslautern, Germany
John L. Kough
Office of Pesticides Program
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
J. Thomas McClintock
Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
Michael L. Mendelsohn
Office of Pesticides Program
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
David B. Orr
Department of Entomology
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina
Alan S. Robinson
Entomology Unit
FAO/IAEA Agriculture and
Biotechnology Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency
Seibersdorf, Austria
Robert G. Shatters, Jr.
Horticultural Research Laboratory
USDA/ARS
Fort Pierce, Florida
C. Michael Smith
Department of Entomology
Kansas State University
Manhattan, Kansas
D. M. Suckling
The Horticulture and Food Research
Institute of New Zealand, Ltd.
Lincoln, Canterbury
New Zealand
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Charles P.-C. Suh
Department of Entomology
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina
Nikolai A. M. van Beek
Agricultural Products Department
Stine-Haskell Research Center
E. I. DuPont de Nemours Co., Inc.
Newark, Delaware
Richard A. Weinzierl
Department of Crop Sciences
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois
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