Biological Adhesive Systems: From Nature to Technical and Medical Application

305 Pages·2010·14.44 MB·English

by  Michael Hesse (auth.)

W
Janek von Byern Ingo Grunwald
•
Editors
Biological Adhesive Systems
From Nature to Technical and Medical Application
SpringerWienNewYork
Dr. Dipl.-Biol. Janek von Byern
Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research
Faculty of Life Science
University of Vienna
Vienna, Austria
Dr. Dipl.-Biol. Ingo Grunwald
Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology
and Advanced Materials (IFAM)
Department of Adhesive Bonding Technology
and Surfaces, Adhesives and Polymer Chemistry
Bremen, Germany
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Foreword
J. Herbert Waite
Like many graduate students before and after me I was There are so many species about which nothing is known,
mesmerized by a proposition expressed years earlier by and the curse of not knowing is apathy.
Krogh (1929) – namely that “for many problems there is Bioadhesion is the adaptation featured in this book,
an animal on which it can be most conveniently studied”. and biology has many adhesive practitioners. Indeed,
This opinion became known as the August Krogh Prin- every living organism is adhesively assembled in the
ciple and remains much discussed to this day, particu- most exquisite way. Clearly, specifi c adhesion needs to
larly among comparative physiologists (Krebs, 1975). be distinguished from the opportunistic variety. I think
The words “problems” and “animal” are key because of specifi c adhesion as the adhesion between cells in the
they highlight the two fundamental and complementary same tissue, whereas opportunistic adhesion might be the
foci of biological research: (1) expertise about an animal adhesion between pathogenic microbes and the urinary
(zoo-centric), which is mostly observational and (2) a tract, or between a slug and the garden path. If opportu-
mechanistic analysis of some problem in the animal’s life nistic bioadhesion is our theme, then there are still many
history or physiology (problem-centric), which is usually practitioners but the subset is somewhat more select than
a hypothesis-driven investigation. before. How is bioadhesion best studied in one’s favorite
Among the biologists of my acquaintance, there are organism? Which organism is the best model for adhe-
few if any who are only one or the other; instead, most sion research? These are questions many of us have ago-
are different blends of the two with a slight polarization nized over and continue to agonize over.
towards one of the two foci. If she loved her animal be- The August Krogh Principle can be handily applied
yond anything else, the zoo-centric biologist might un- to investigating opportunistic bioadhesion. However, the
dertake to investigate what this organism was specifi cally insights about adhesion obtained are probably less tran-
well adapted to do. On the other hand, if a specifi c prob- scendent than those deduced from the model organisms
lem rather than the organism was his idée fi xe, then the used to investigate “core concepts” in cell biology such as
problem-centric biologist might undertake a systematic ion transport (toad skin), nerve conductance (squid axon)
search into research about this problem in many different or neural networks and behavior (sea hare) to mention a
organisms before selecting one from among them. Both few (Krebs, 1975). Based on the limited number of well-
pathways are valid, although the routines, challenges and characterized bioadhesive strategies, I would hazard to
thrills are different. If I had my druthers today and re- guess that the sheer magnitude of evolutionary pressure on
search funding was no obstacle, I would follow a zoo- opportunistic adhesive strategies vis-à-vis what goes on
centric pathway; that is, get familiar with an organism inside cells and tissues is a powerful driver for diversifi ca-
fi rst and then investigate its most fascinating adaptations. tion. However, until more is known about opportunistic
Why? At the current level of human activity, 40% of all bioadhesion, this remains conjecture. Perhaps comparison
marine species are predicted to become functionally ex- to another highly diversifi ed and well-studied process such
tinct in ten years (Worm et al., 2006). As a member of as coloration is appropriate here. Living organisms have
Homo sapiens, I feel a measure of responsibility for the evolved a plethora of physical and chemical strategies for
stewardship of biological diversity on this planet. Conse- making color. Two different insects may be perceived as
quently, there is an increasing urgency for acquaintance red but the mechanisms producing their color are likely as
with this diversity without fi rst asking about convenience. not to be totally unrelated (Shawkey et al., 2009).
V
VI J. H. Waite
I have studied invertebrates for the past 35 years, be- sult of fundamentally different molecular adaptations.
ginning as a lowly undergraduate assistant to the curator Apart from an inherent clinginess, the adhesion of barna-
of a shell collection at the Museum for Comparative Zool- cles, ascidians, limpets, geckos, ants, and orchids, etc. to
ogy in Cambridge, MA. I was well drilled in invertebrate surfaces is distinctive with great and subtle variations in
zoology and intrigued by the distinctions for classifying performance. Adhesion that is permanent or temporary,
organisms. But to be perfectly honest, I found taxonomi- gliding or step-wise, wet or dry, textured or chemical –
cal details quite mind numbing and for that reason was all these types have biomimetic potential.
gravitating towards biochemistry as my major. Every- One popular defi nition of biomimetics is the abstraction
thing unexpectedly fell into place after graduate school of useful design from biology (Vincent, 1994). It is no lon-
in the late 1970s, when two different granting agencies ger absurd to predict that a compilation of bio-inspired ad-
– US National Institute of Dental Research and the US hesive designs will someday fi ll a tome with more recipes
Offi ce of Naval Research – announced research initia- than the Handbook for Adhesives (Skeist, 1977) currently
tives urging investigators to explore the use of model or- lists for technological adhesive options. Alas, whether or
ganisms as a way (i) of discovering a new generation of not our model organisms survive the poisoned environ-
wet adhesives (biomimetics) and (ii) of keeping surfaces ments that our biomimetic technologies help create for
clean (antifouling), respectively. Thus, I was stoked by them is a problem rather greater than adhesion. There is
the science of adhesion before selecting marine mussels no knowing whether we will rise to that challenge.
as my model organism (problem-centric). The selection
was actually the outcome of performing some simple
tests on a line-up of sticky culprits that included ivy, kelp, References
barnacles, oysters, sea stars, sea anemones and ascidians
Krebs HA (1975) The August Krogh principle: “For many prob-
among others based on the following simple criteria:
lems there is an animal on which it can be most conveniently
(1) how robust are the organisms in captivity, (2) how
studied”. Journal of Experimental Zoology 194(1): 221–226.
quick is adhesion, (3) how much adhesive material is se- Krogh A (1929) The progress of physiology. The American Journal
creted, (4) how much adhesive precursor is stockpiled by of Physiology 90(2): 243–251.
Shawkey MD, Morehouse NI, and Vukusic P (2009) A protean
the organism, and (5) can the molecules responsible for
p alette: colour materials and mixing in birds and butterfl ies.
adhesion be isolated and specifi cally assayed. Needless
Journal of the Royal Society Interface 6(Suppl 2): S221–S231.
to say marine mussels particularly in the genus Mytilus Skeist I (1977) Handbook of Adhesives, 2nd Ed. Van Nostrand
scored well in all criteria. Reinhold Company, New York.
Vincent JFV (1994) Borrowing the best from nature. Encyclo-
Due largely to the existence of specifi c assays for
paedia Britannica, Yearbook of Science and the Future, 1995:
Dopa – a key functional group in byssal adhesive
pp 168–187.
proteins – mussels have been excellent experimental Waite JH, Holten-Andersen N, Jewhurst SA, and Sun CJ (2005)
models for revealing the adhesive tricks that one group Mussel adhesion: fi nding the tricks worth mimicking. Journal
of Adhesion 81: 297–317.
of sessile o rganisms is capable of Waite et al. (2005).
Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, Duffy JE, Folke C, Halpern BS,
Mussels do not, however, have any monopoly on ef-
Jackson JB, Lotze HK, Micheli F, Palumbi SR, Sala E, Selkoe
fective bioadhesion to solid surfaces in seawater, nor is KA, Stachowicz JJ, and Watson R (2006) Impacts of biodi-
their solution unique – at least one group of sabellariid versity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314(5800):
787–790.
polychaete tubeworms has independently evolved a very
Zhao H, Sun C, Stewart RJ, and Waite JH (2005) Cement proteins
similar biochemistry (Zhao et al., 2005). In many known
of the tube-building polychaete Phragmatopoma californica.
cases, bioadhesion, like coloration, appears to be the re- Journal of Biological Chemistry 280(52): 42938–42944.
Contents
Foreword V 2.2.3 Cytological Aspects of Glue Production 21
J. Herbert Waite 2.3 Interactions of Adhesive Traps and Animals 22
2.3.1 Prey Capture 22
2.3.2 Life on Adhesive Traps 24
Part A 1
2.4 Future Aspects and Practical Applications 25
Acknowledgments 25
References 25
1 Bonding Single Pollen Grains Together:
How and Why? 3
3 Bonding Tactics in Ctenophores –
Michael Hesse
Morphology and Function
1.1 The Anther Tapetum as a Glandular Tissue in Seed of the Colloblast System 29
Plants 3 Janek von Byern, Claudia E. Mills
1.1.1 The Tapetum Types 3 and Patrick Flammang
1.1.2 Pollen-connecting Agents: Nature, Function,
and Systematic Distribution 5 3.1 Introduction 29
1.1.2.1 Pollenkitt and Tryphine, the Principal 3.2 General Tentacle Morphology 31
Forms of Pollen Coatings 5 3.3 Colloblast Organization 32
1.1.2.2 Tryphine 5 3.3.1 Head (Collosphere) and Spheroidal Body 32
1.1.3 Pollenkitt: Function and Origin 6 3.3.2 Stalk (Collopod) and Spiral Filament 34
1.1.3.1 Function 6 3.3.2.1 Stalk 34
1.1.3.2 Pollenkitt Ontogenesis (Adapted from 3.3.2.2 Spiral Filament 34
Hesse, 1993, with Additions) 6 3.3.2.3 Root 34
1.1.3.3 Pollen-gluing Agents not Formed 3.3.3 Secretion Granules 34
by Pollenkitt 8 3.3.3.1 Internal Granules 34
1.1.4 Filiform Pollen-connecting Structures 9 3.3.3.2 External Granules 34
1.1.5 Acetolysis-resistant, Sporopollenin Pollen- 3.4 Colloblast Development 35
connecting Threads 9 3.4.1 Stage 1 35
1.1.6 Pollen-connecting Threads not Consisting 3.4.2 Stage 2 36
of Sporopollenin 11 3.4.3 Stage 3 36
Acknowledgments 12 3.5 Colloblast Polymorphisms 36
References 12 3.6 Capture Phenomenon 37
3.6.1 Capture Behavior 37
3.6.2 Capture Mechanism 38
2 Deadly Glue – Adhesive Traps 3.6.3 Sensory Cells 39
of Carnivorous Plants 15 3.6.4 Glue Composition 39
Abbreviations 39
Wolfram Adlassnig, Thomas Lendl,
Acknowledgments 39
Marianne Peroutka and Ingeborg Lang
References 40
Abstract 15
4 Gastropod Secretory Glands
2.1 Introduction 16
2.1.1 Carnivorous Plants 16 and Adhesive Gels 41
2.1.2 Evolution and Diversity of Adhesive Traps 16 Andrew M. Smith
2.2 Glues and Their Production 18
2.2.1 Morphology and Anatomy of Glue-Producing 4.1 Introduction 41
Glands 18 4.2 Background 42
2.2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Glues 20 4.3 Limpets and Limpet-Like Molluscs 43
VII
VIII Contents
4.3.1 True Limpets 43 5.5.2.2 The Regular Mantle Epithelium 76
4.3.2 Abalone 44 5.5.3 Mechanism of Bonding 77
4.3.3 Slipper Shells 45 Conclusion 78
4.4 Periwinkle Snails 45 Abbreviations 81
4.5 Land Snails 46 Acknowledgments 82
4.6 Terrestrial Slugs 47 References 82
4.7 Summary 49
References 50
6 Unravelling the Sticky Threads of Sea
Cucumbers – A Comparative Study
5 Characterization of the Adhesive Systems
on Cuvierian Tubule Morphology
in Cephalopods 53
Norbert Cyran, Lisa Klinger, Robyn Scott, and Histochemistry 87
Charles Griffi ths, Thomas Schwaha, Vanessa Zheden, Pierre T. Becker and Patrick Flammang
Leon Ploszczanski and Janek von Byern
6.1 Introduction 87
5.1 Introduction 54 6.2 Morphology of Cuvierian Tubules 88
5.2 Euprymna 6.2.1 Structure of Quiescent Tubules 88
(Lisa Klinger, Janek von Byern and Norbert Cyran) 54 6.2.2 Structure of Elongated Tubules 92
5.2.1 Introduction 54 6.2.3 Interspecifi c Diversity in Cuvierian Tubule
5.2.2 Systematics 55 Morphology 93
5.2.3 Ecology 55 6.3 Glue Composition 95
5.2.4 Gland Morphology 55 6.4 Discussion 97
5.2.4.1 Earlier Studies 56 Acknowledgments 98
5.2.4.2 Recent Re-characterization 57 References 98
5.2.4.3 Histochemistry 59
5.2.5 Bonding Mechanism 61 7 Adhesion Mechanisms Developed by
5.3 Idiosepius
Sea Stars: A Review of the Ultrastructure
(Norbert Cyran and Janek von Byern) 61
and Composition of Tube Feet
5.3.1 Systematics 62
5.3.2 Ecology 62 and Their Secretion 99
5.3.3 Gland Morphology 62 Elise Hennebert
5.3.3.1 The Adhesive Organ 63
5.3.3.2 The Regular Mantle Epithelium 64 7.1 Introduction 99
5.3.4 Development of the Adhesive Organ 65 7.2 Comparative Morphology of Sea Star Tube Feet 100
5.3.5 Process of Secretion and Bonding Mechanisms 66 7.2.1 Knob-ending Tube Feet 101
5.4 Nautilus 7.2.2 Simple Disk-ending Feet 101
(Janek von Byern, Thomas Schwaha, Leon Ploszczanski 7.2.3 Reinforced Disk-ending Tube Feet 101
and Norbert Cyran) 66 7.3 Ultrastructure of Tube Foot Adhesive Areas 102
5.4.1 Systematics 66 7.3.1 Adhesive Cells 103
5.4.2 Ecology 67 7.3.2 De-adhesive Cells 104
5.4.3 Tentacles 68 7.3.3 Other Cells 104
5.4.4 Gland Morphology 69 7.4 Structure of the Adhesive Material 104
5.4.4.1 Oral Side 70 7.5 Composition of Footprint Material 104
5.4.4.1.1 Thick Epithelium 70 7.6 A Model for Temporary Tube Foot Adhesion 106
5.4.4.1.2 Thin Epithelium 70 Abbreviations 108
5.4.4.2 Aboral Surface 70 Acknowledgments 108
5.4.5 Mechanism of Bonding 73 References 109
5.5 Sepia
(Janek von Byern, Robyn Scott, Charles Griffi ths,
8 Adhesive Exocrine Glands in Insects:
Vanessa Zheden and Norbert Cyran) 73
Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Adhesive
5.5.1 Description of the Glue-producing Sepiida
Species 74 Secretion 111
5.5.1.1 Sepia papillata (Quoy and Gaimard, Oliver Betz
1832) 74
5.5.1.2 Sepia pulchra (Roeleveld and Liltved, Abstract 111
1985) 74 8.1 Introduction 122
5.5.1.3 Sepia tuberculata (de Lamarck, 1798) 74 8.2 Function and Distribution of Adhesive Glands
5.5.1.4 Sepia typica (Steenstrup, 1875a, b) 75 in Insects 123
5.5.2 Gland Morphology 75 8.3 Histological and Ultrastructural Characteristics
5.5.2.1 The Adhesive Area 75 of Adhesive Glands in Insects 124
Contents IX
8.3.1 Glands Employed in Locomotion 125 10 Morphology of the Adhesive System
8.3.2 Glands Employed in Prey Capture 127 in the Sandcastle Worm,
8.3.3 Glands Employed in Defence 129
Phragmatopoma californica 169
8.3.4 Glands Employed in Body Anchorage 132
Ching Shuen Wang, Kelli K. Svendsen
8.3.5 Glands Employed in Retreat Building 132
and Russell J. Stewart
8.3.6 Conclusions on the Ultrastructural
Characteristics of Adhesive Glands in Insects 133
10.1 Introduction 169
8.4 Chemical Identity and Functional Aspects of Insect
10.2 Sandcastle Worm Morphology 170
Adhesive Secretion 134
10.2.1 The Building Organ 171
8.4.1 Aliphatic Compounds 135
10.2.2 The Adhesive Gland 172
8.4.2 Carbohydrates 138
10.2.2.1 Granule Composition 176
8.4.3 Aromatic Compounds 138
10.2.2.2 Stimulated Secretion 178
8.4.4 Isoprenoids (Terpenes and Steroids) 139
10.3 Adhesive Models 178
8.4.5 Heterocyclic Compounds 140
10.4 Materials and Methods 178
8.4.6 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 140
10.4.1 Animal Preparation 178
8.4.6.1 Proteins Employed in Egg Anchorage 140
10.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 179
8.4.6.2 Proteins Employed in Terrestrial
10.4.3 Fluorescent Microscopy 179
Cocoon Building 141
10.4.4 Histological Staining 179
8.4.6.3 Proteins Employed in Underwater
References 179
Retreat Building 141
8.4.7 Other Systems 142
Abbreviations 142 11 Adhesive Dermal Secretions of the Amphibia,
Acknowledgments 143 with Particular Reference to the Australian
References 143
Limnodynastid Genus Notaden 181
Michael J. Tyler
9 Mechanisms of Adhesion in Adult
Barnacles 153 11.1 Introduction 181
Anne Marie Power, Waltraud Klepal, Vanessa Zheden, 11.2 Anuran Dermal Structure 182
Jaimie Jonker, Paul McEvilly and Janek von Byern 11.2.1 Breviceps Species 182
11.2.2 Notaden Species 182
9.1 General Introduction 153 11.3 Range of Adhesive Activity of Notaden Secretions 184
9.2 Peduncular Structure and the Adult Glue Apparatus 155 11.3.1 Inorganic Material 184
9.2.1 Structural Differences Between Acorn 11.3.2 Surgical Adhesives 184
and Stalked Barnacles 155 Appendix 1 186
9.2.2 Gland Cells (Acorn and Stalked Barnacles) 155 Acknowledgments 186
9.2.3 Canal System in Stalked Barnacles 156 References 186
9.2.4 Canal System in Acorn Barnacles
and “Secondary Glue” Production 156
9.2.5 Movement of Liquid Glue in the Canal System 158 Part B 187
9.2.6 Cuticular Origins of the Glandular Apparatus 159
9.3 Glue Production at Cellular Level in Adult Barnacles 160
12 Renewable (Biological) Compounds
9.3.1 Glue Secretion Pathways in Acorn Barnacles 160
9.3.2 Glue Secretion Pathways in Stalked Barnacles 160 in Adhesives for Industrial Applications 189
9.3.3 Basis Type and Mode of Glue Discharge Hermann Onusseit
(Acorn and Stalked Barnacles) 160
9.3.4 Regulation of Protein Secretion 161 12.1 Introduction 189
9.4 Glue Composition and Molecular Adhesion 162 12.2 Renewable Biobased “Chemical Raw Materials” 190
9.4.1 Involvement of Physical Adhesive Forces 162 12.2.1 Renewable Biobased Raw Materials
9.4.2 Cement Solubility 162 in Industrial Adhesives 190
9.4.3 Cement Proteins in Acorn Barnacles 162 12.2.2 Requirements for Adhesive Raw Materials 191
9.4.4 Cement Proteins in Stalked Barnacles 163 12.2.3 Requirements for Renewable Raw
9.4.5 Cement Versus Uncured Glue 163 Materials 191
9.4.6 Post-translation Modifi cations and 12.3 Polymers 191
Comparison with Other Adhesive Models 164 12.3.1 Renewable Biopolymers as Adhesive Raw
9.4.7 Quinone-type Crosslinking 164 Materials 191
9.4.8 Possible Implications of Moulting 12.4 Application of Adhesives Based on Renewable
and Hemolymph Systems 164 Biopolymers 192
9.5 Conclusions 165 12.4.1 Production of Corrugated Board 192
Acknowledgments 166 12.4.2 Labeling of Glass Bottles 192
References 166 12.4.3 Making of Books 193
X Contents
12.4.4 Lamination (Ply Adhesion) of Tissue 14.1.2 The State of the Art 214
Products 193 14.1.3 Historical Sources and Applications
12.4.5 Core Winding of Tubes 194 of Medicinal Adhesives 214
12.4.6 Production of Envelopes 194 14.2 Adhesion in Medical Systems 216
12.4.7 Tapes and Plaster 194 14.2.1 Defi nitions 216
12.4.8 Cigarette Manufacturing/Packaging 195 14.2.2 Cohesive Properties 216
12.5 Polymer from Renewable Biobased Building 14.2.3 Adhesion Properties 216
Blocks 195 14.2.4 Medical Bonding Sites 218
12.6 Application of Adhesives Based on Polymers 14.2.5 Topical Tissues/Organs (Tissues/Organs
from Renewable Biobased Building Blocks 196 Exposed to the Outside) 218
12.6.1 Laminating Adhesives 196 14.2.5.1 Skin 218
12.6.2 Two-component Polyurethane Adhesives 196 14.2.5.2 Teeth 219
12.6.3 Thermoplastic Polyamide Adhesives 196 14.2.5.3 Gingiva 219
12.7 Reactive Adhesives 197 14.2.6 Internal Tissues/Organs 219
12.7.1 Reactive System from Renewable Biobased 14.2.6.1 Eye 219
Raw Materials 197 14.2.6.2 Connective Tissues: Bones,
12.8 Additives in Adhesives 197 Cartilages, and Ligaments 220
12.8.1 Additives on Renewable Biobased Raw 14.2.6.3 Cardiovascular System
Materials 197 (Blood Vessels) 220
12.9 Application of Adhesives with Biobased Additives 198 14.2.6.4 Muscles 220
12.9.1 Resins for Hot Melt Adhesives 198 14.2.7 Summary of Parameters for Adhesive
12.9.2 Hot Melt Adhesives for Packaging Bonding on Human Tissues 221
Applications 198 14.3 The Healing Process 221
12.9.3 Hot Melt Adhesives for Bookbinding 14.3.1 Wound Healing 221
Applications 198 14.3.2 A Critical View on Existing Medicinal
12.9.4 Hot Melt Adhesives for Woodworking Adhesives 222
Applications 199 14.3.3 A Blueprint for Medicinal Adhesives 223
12.9.5 Plasticizer for Dispersion Adhesives 199 14.4 Conclusion 224
12.10 Summary 199 References 224
References 199
13 Bio-inspired Polyphenolic Adhesives 15 Fibrin: The Very First Biomimetic Glue –
for Medical and Technical Applications 201 Still a Great Tool 225
Klaus Rischka, Katharina Richter, James Ferguson, Sylvia Nürnberger
Andreas Hartwig, Maria Kozielec, Klaus Slenzka, and Heinz Redl
Robert Sader and Ingo Grunwald
15.1 Introduction 225
13.1 Introduction (Katharina Richter and Ingo Grunwald) 201 15.2 Mechanisms 226
13.2 Phenolic Adhesives in Mytilus edulis 15.2.1 Role of Fibrin in Wound Healing 227
(Klaus Rischka and Katharina Richter) 202 15.2.2 Degradation 227
13.3 Synthetic Phenolic Resins and Their Applications 15.3 Clinical Use of Fibrin Sealants 228
(Andreas Hartwig) 204 15.3.1 Hemostasis 228
13.4 Tannins and Their Application in Adhesives 15.3.1.1 Combination of Fibrin with
(Maria Kozielec and Klaus Rischka) 206 Collagen and Other Carriers 230
13.5 Phenolic Adhesives for Medical Applications 15.3.2 Sealing 230
(Robert Sader and Ingo Grunwald) 207 15.3.2.1 Nerves 230
13.6 Special Applications: Space Exploration 15.3.2.2 Skin Grafts 230
(Klaus Slenzka) 209 15.3.2.3 Hernia 230
13.7 Conclusion 209 15.4 Preparation and Application of Fibrin Sealant 230
Acknowledgment 209 15.5 Fibrin as a Biomatrix 231
References 210 15.5.1 Fibrin as a Delivery System for Substances
(Medication) 231
15.5.2 Fibrin as a Delivery System for Growth
14 Medical Products and Their Application
Factors 232
Range 213 15.5.3 Fibrin as a Matrix for Cells 232
Jessica Blume and Willi Schwotzer 15.5.4 Fibrin as a Carrier for Osteoconductive
Materials 232
14.1 Objectives, Application, and Sources of Medicinal 15.6 Conclusion 232
Adhesives 213 Acknowledgment 233
14.1.1 Objectives 213 References 233
Contents XI
16 Properties and Potential Alternative 17.3 Oligo- and Polylactone-based (Meth)acrylate
Applications of Fibrin Glue 237 Adhesives 263
Sylvia Nürnberger, Susanne Wolbank, 17.4 Biopolymer-based (Meth)acrylate Adhesives 268
Anja Peterbauer-Scherb, Tatjana J. Morton, 17.4.1 Protein-based Systems 268
Georg A. Feichtinger, Alfred Gugerell, 17.4.2 Polysaccharide-based Systems 269
Alexandra Meinl, Krystyna Labuda, Michaela Bittner, 17.4.3 Glycosaminoglycan-based Systems 269
Waltraud Pasteiner, Lila Nikkola, Christian Gabriel, 17.5 Concluding Remarks 270
Martijn van Griensven and Heinz Redl References 271
16.1 Characterization of Fibrin as Matrix 237 18 Byssus Formation in Mytilus 273
16.1.1 The Components of Fibrin Gels and Their Heather G. Silverman and Francisco F. Roberto
Infl uence on Morphology and Function
(Sylvia Nürnberger, Alexandra Meinl, 18.1 Introduction 273
Alfred Gugerell and Heinz Redl) 237 18.2 Overview of Byssogenesis 273
16.1.1.1 Fibrinogen 238 18.2.1 Secretion of the Byssal Thread 275
16.1.1.2 Thrombin 240 18.2.2 Spatial Distribution of the Glands 275
16.1.1.3 Clot Irregularities 240 18.2.3 Temporal Sequence of Adhesive Protein
16.1.1.4 Lot Variations 241 Secretion 277
16.1.1.5 Additives – Salts 241 18.3 Proteins of the Byssal Thread 277
16.1.1.6 Additives – Fibrinolysis 18.3.1 The Core: Precollagens 277
Inhibitors 242 18.3.2 The Core: Thread Matrix Proteins 278
16.1.1.7 Clot Casting 242 18.3.3 The Cuticle: Foot Protein-1 278
16.1.1.8 Fibrinolysis – Clot Dissolution 243 18.3.4 The Cuticle: Polyphenol Oxidase 279
16.2 Fibrin as Matrix for Cells 244 18.4 Proteins of the Byssal Plaque 279
16.2.1 General Characterization of Cell Culture 18.4.1 Thread-Plaque Junction: Foot Protein-4 279
on and in Fibrin 18.4.2 Plaque Foam Matrix: Foot Protein-2 279
(Sylvia Nürnberger, Alfred Gugerell, 18.4.3 Plaque Primer Layer: Foot Proteins-3, -5,
Susanne Wolbank, Michaela Bittner, and -6 279
Waltraud Pasteiner and Heinz Redl) 245 18.5 Chemistry of Adhesion at the Byssal
16.2.1.1 Adhesion 245 Thread-substrate Interface 280
16.2.1.2 Proliferation 246 18.6 Immunolocalization of Byssal Proteins 281
16.2.1.3 Migration 246 18.7 Concluding Remarks 281
16.2.2 Soft Tissue Engineering Using Adipose- Acknowledgments 282
derived Stem Cells in 3D Fibrin Matrix References 282
of Low Component Concentration
(Anja Peterbauer-Scherb, Martijn van Griensven, 19 Wet Performance of Biomimetic
Krystyna Labuda, Christian Gabriel, Heinz Redl Fibrillar Adhesives 285
and Susanne Wolbank) 248 K. H. Aaron Lau and Phillip B. Messersmith
16.2.3 Electrospun Fibrin Nanofi ber Matrices
(Tatjana J. Morton, Lila Nikkola, 19.1 Introduction 285
Heinz Redl and Martijn van Griensven) 251 19.2 Gecko Mimetic Fibrillar Wet Adhesives 285
16.3 Fibrin as Matrix for Substances 253 19.2.1 Gecko: A Prototypical Biological Fibrillar
16.3.1 Release of Substances and Drugs Adhesive 285
(Tatjana J. Morton, Martijn van Griensven 19.2.2 Coated Gecko Mimetic Adhesives 286
and Heinz Redl) 253 19.2.3 Gecko/Mussel Mimetic Adhesives with
16.3.2 Gene-activated Matrix poly(DMA-co-MEA) Coating 287
(Georg A. Feichtinger, Heinz Redl 19.3 Beetle-inspired Fibril Design 290
and Martijn van Griensven) 254 19.4 Tree Frog-inspired Wet Adhesives 291
Acknowledgments 255 19.5 Cricket-inspired Wet Adhesives 292
References 255 19.6 Conclusions and Outlook 292
Acknowledgement 292
17 Biodegradable (Meth)acrylate-based References 292
Adhesives for Surgical Applications 261
Albrecht Berg, Fabian Peters and Matthias Subject Index 295
Schnabelrauch List of Contributors 301
17.1 Introduction 261
17.2 General Features of (Meth)acrylate
Polymerization 262