Biointensive Integrated Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems

278 Pages·2014·11.414 MB·English

by  P. Parvatha Reddy (auth.)

Biointensive Integrated Pest
Management in Horticultural
Ecosystems
P. Parvatha Reddy
Biointensive
Integrated Pest
Management
in Horticultural
Ecosystems
2123
Dr. P. Parvatha Reddy
Former Director
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
Bangalore
Karnataka
India
ISBN 978-81-322-1843-2 ISBN 978-81-322-1844-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1844-9
Springer New Delhi Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014933684
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Preface
Through ‘Green Revolution’ in late 1960s, India achieved self-sufficiency
in food production, which was hailed as a breakthrough on the farm front
by international agricultural experts. But still the country has not achieved
self-sufficiency in production of horticultural crops. Most of the growth in
food production during the green revolution period is attributed to the use of
improved crop varieties and higher levels of inputs of fertilizers and pesti-
cides. The modern agricultural techniques such as use of synthetic fertilizers
and pesticides are continuing to destroy stable traditional ecosystems and the
use of high yielding varieties of crops has resulted in the elimination of thou-
sands of traditional varieties with the concurrent loss of genetic resources.
The introduction of high yielding varieties changed the agricultural environ-
ment leading to numerous pest problems of economic importance. In the pro-
cess of intensive farming, the environment has been treated in an unfriendly
manner.
Prof. Swaminathan (2000) emphasized the need for ‘Ever Green Revolu-
tion’ keeping in view the increase in population. The increase in population
and diminishing per capita availability of land demands rise in productivity
per unit area. In India, annual crop losses due to pests, diseases, and weeds
have been estimated to be about ` 600,000 million in 2005. Increasing yields
from existing land requires effective crop protection to prevent losses before
and after harvest. The challenge before the crop protection scientist is to do
this without harming the environment and resource base. This can be achieved
by adopting eco-friendly Biointensive Integrated Pest Management (BIPM)
strategy.
BIPM is defined as “A systems approach to pest management based on
an understanding of pest ecology. It begins with steps to accurately diagnose
the nature and source of pest problems, and then relies on a range of preven-
tive tactics and biological controls to keep pest populations within accept-
able limits. Reduced-risk pesticides are used if other tactics have not been
adequately effective, as a last resort, and with care to minimize risks” (Ben-
brook 1996).
BIPM incorporates ecological and economic factors into agricultural
system design and decision making, and addresses public concerns about
environmental quality and food safety. The benefits of implementing BIPM
can include reduced chemical input costs, reduced on-farm and off-farm
environmental impacts, and more effective and sustainable pest management.
v
vi Preface
An ecology-based Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has the potential of
decreasing inputs of fuel, machinery, and synthetic chemicals-all of which
are energy intensive and increasingly costly in terms of financial and environ-
mental impact. Such reductions will benefit the grower and society.
The information on biointensive integrated pest management (insect, mite
and nematode pests, and diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, virus/myco-
plasma) in horticultural ecosystems (fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, medici-
nal, aromatic, tuber, plantation, and spice crops) is very much scattered. There
is no book at present which comprehensively and exclusively deals with the
above aspects. The present book deals with the most recent biointensive inte-
grated approaches utilizing components such as bioagents [predators, para-
sitoids, and pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses)], botanicals (biofumigation,
oil cakes, FYM, compost, crop residues, green manuring, and other organic
amendments), endomycorrhizae, physical methods (hot water treatment of
planting material, soil solarization), cultural methods (crop rotation, summer
ploughing, fallowing, intercropping, pruning, mulching, spacing, planting
date, trap cropping, etc.), biorational chemicals (pheromones) and resistant
cultivars. The book is illustrated with excellent quality photographs enhanc-
ing the quality of publication. The book is written in lucid style, easy to under-
stand language along with adoptable recommendations for pest management.
This book can serve as a useful reference to policy makers, research, and
extension workers, practicing farmers and students. The material can also
be used for teaching post-graduate courses. Suggestions to improve the
contents of the book are most welcome (E-mail: reddy_parvatha@yahoo.
com). The publisher, Springer, deserves commendation for their professional
contribution.
Bangalore, India Dr. P. Parvatha Reddy
5 Mar 2014 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
Contents
I Introduction
1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 3
1.1 Integrated Pest Management ..................................................... 3
1.2 Biointensive Integrated Pest Management (BIPM) ................. 3
1.2.1 Components of BIPM ..................................................... 4
1.2.2 BIPM Options ................................................................ 5
References ........................................................................................... 19
II Biointensive Integrated Pest Management
in Fruit Crops
2 Tropical Fruit Crops .......................................................................... 23
2.1 Banana, Musa spp. .................................................................... 23
2.1.1 Diseases ........................................................................... 23
2.1.2 Nematodes ...................................................................... 24
2.2 Citrus, Citrus spp . ..................................................................... 29
2.2.1 Insect Pests ..................................................................... 29
2.2.2 Diseases .......................................................................... 31
2.2.3 Nematodes ...................................................................... 34
2.3 Sapota, Manilkara achras.......................................................... 38
2.3.1 Diseases .......................................................................... 38
2.4 Papaya, Carica papaya .............................................................. 38
2.4.1 Diseases .......................................................................... 38
2.4.2 Nematodes ...................................................................... 39
2.5 Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus .......................................... 40
2.5.1 Diseases .......................................................................... 40
2.6 Strawberry, Fragaria spp. ......................................................... 42
2.6.1 Diseases .......................................................................... 42
2.6.2 Nematodes ...................................................................... 43
2.7 Mulberry, Morus spp. ................................................................ 44
2.7.1 Diseases .......................................................................... 44
2.7.2 Nematodes ...................................................................... 45
References ........................................................................................... 46
vii
viii Contents
3 Subtropical Fruit Crops .................................................................... 51
3.1 Mango, Mangifera indica ........................................................... 51
3.1.1 Insect Pests ..................................................................... 51
3.1.2 Validation of Mango IPM (Uttarakhand) .................... 52
3.2 Grapevine, Vitis vinifera .......................................................... 52
3.2.1 Insect Pests ................................................................... 52
3.2.2 Diseases ........................................................................ 53
3.2.3 Nematodes .................................................................... 53
References ......................................................................................... 55
4 Temperate Fruit Crops .................................................................... 57
4.1 Apple, Pyrus malus .................................................................. 57
4.1.1 Insect Pests .................................................................... 57
4.1.2 Diseases ........................................................................ 57
4.1.3 Validation of Apple IPM (Himachal Pradesh) ............. 64
4.2 Peach, Prunus persica and Plum, Prunus salicina ................. 64
4.2.1 Diseases ........................................................................ 64
4.2.2 Nematodes .................................................................... 65
4.3 Pear, Pyrus communis .............................................................. 66
4.3.1 Diseases ........................................................................ 66
References ......................................................................................... 67
5 Semiarid Fruit Crops ....................................................................... 69
5.1 Pomegranate, Punica granatum ............................................... 69
5.1.1 Insect Pests ................................................................... 69
5.1.2 Diseases ........................................................................ 69
III Biointensive Integrated Pest Management
in Vegetable Crops
6 Solanaceous Vegetable Crops .......................................................... 73
6.1 Potato, Solanum tuberosum ..................................................... 73
6.1.1 Diseases ........................................................................ 73
6.1.2 Nematodes .................................................................... 75
6.2 Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum ........................................... 79
6.2.1 Insect Pests ................................................................... 79
6.2.2 Diseases ........................................................................ 81
6.2.3 Nematodes .................................................................... 87
6.2.4 Validated IPM Technology for Tomato ....................... 97
6.3 Brinjal, Solanum melongena ................................................... 99
6.3.1 Insect Pests ................................................................... 99
6.3.2 Diseases ........................................................................ 101
6.3.3 Nematodes .................................................................... 104
6.3.4 Validated IPM Technology for Brinjal Pests
and Diseases at Ghaziabad .......................................... 111
6.4 Chilli and Bell Pepper, Capsicum spp. ................................... 112
6.4.1 Insect Pests ................................................................... 112
6.4.2 Diseases ........................................................................ 113
Contents ix
6.4.3 Nematodes ................................................................ 117
References ....................................................................................... 125
7 Bulbous Vegetable Crops ............................................................... 131
7.1 Onion, Allium cepa and Garlic, Allium sativum .................. 131
7.1.1 Diseases ..................................................................... 131
7.1.2 Nematodes ................................................................. 133
References ....................................................................................... 134
8 Cruciferous Vegetable Crops ........................................................ 135
8.1 Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata and Cauliflower,
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis ............................................ 135
8.1.1 Insect Pests ................................................................ 135
8.1.2 Diseases .................................................................... 137
8.1.3 Nematodes ................................................................. 137
8.1.4 Validated IPM Technology for Cabbage .................. 138
References ....................................................................................... 140
9 Malvaceous Vegetable Crops ........................................................ 141
9.1 Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus .............................................. 141
9.1.1 Insect Pests ................................................................. 141
9.1.2 Diseases ..................................................................... 143
9.1.3 Validation of okra IPM at Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh ... 145
9.1.4 Nematodes ................................................................. 145
References ....................................................................................... 148
10 Root Vegetable Crops .................................................................... 151
10.1 Carrot, Dacus carota ............................................................. 151
10.1.1 Diseases .................................................................... 151
10.1.2 Nematodes ................................................................ 151
10.2 Radish, Raphanus sativus...................................................... 152
10.2.1 Diseases .................................................................... 152
10.3 Beet Root, Beta vulgaris ....................................................... 153
10.3.1 Diseases .................................................................... 153
References ....................................................................................... 153
11 Leguminous Vegetable Crops ....................................................... 155
11.1 Pea, Pisum sativum ............................................................... 155
11.1.1 Diseases ..................................................................... 155
11.2 French Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris ......................................... 157
11.2.1 Insect Pests ............................................................... 157
11.2.2 Diseases .................................................................... 158
11.3 Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata ................................................. 158
11.3.1 Nematodes ................................................................. 158
11.4 Pigeon Pea, Cajanus cajan ................................................... 159
11.4.1 Insect Pests ............................................................... 159
11.4.2 Diseases .................................................................... 160
x Contents
11.4.3 Nematodes ................................................................ 160
11.4.4 Validated Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Technology for Pigeon Pea ...................................... 164
11.5 Cluster Bean, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba .............................. 165
11.5.1 Nematodes ................................................................ 165
11.6 Field Bean, Lablab purpureus .............................................. 166
11.6.1 Insect Pests ............................................................... 166
References ........................................................................................ 166
12 Cucurbitaceous Vegetable Crops ................................................. 169
12.1 Pumpkin, Cucurbita moschata ............................................ 169
12.1.1 D iseases .................................................................... 169
12.1.2 Nematodes ............................................................... 169
12.2 Cucumber, Cucumis sativus ................................................. 170
12.2.1 Diseases ................................................................... 170
12.2.2 Nematodes ............................................................... 172
12.3 Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus ............................................. 173
12.3.1 Diseases ................................................................... 173
12.3.2 Watermelon Pests and Diseases .............................. 173
12.4 Muskmelon, Cucumis melo .................................................. 173
12.4.1 Diseases ................................................................... 173
12.4.2 Nematodes ............................................................... 174
12.5 Bitter Gourd, Momordica charantia .................................... 175
12.5.1 Insect Pests .............................................................. 175
12.6 Pointed Gourd, Trichosanthes dioica .................................. 176
12.6.1 Diseases ................................................................... 176
12.6.2 Nematodes ............................................................... 176
References ......................................................................................... 178
13 Leafy Vegetable Crops ................................................................... 179
13.1 Lettuce, Lactuca sativa ......................................................... 179
13.1.1 D iseases .................................................................... 179
13.1.2 Nematodes ................................................................ 179
13.2 Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis ........................................ 181
13.2.1 Diseases ................................................................... 181
13.3 Drumstick, Moringa oleifera ................................................ 182
13.3.1 Insect Pests ............................................................... 182
References ........................................................................................ 182
IV Biointensive Integrated Pest Management
in Ornamental, Medicinal, Aromatic
and Tuber Crops
14 Ornamental Crops ......................................................................... 185
14.1 Rose, Rosa spp. ..................................................................... 185
14.1.1 Diseases .................................................................... 185
14.1.2 Nematodes ................................................................ 185
14.2 Carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus ........................................ 186