Table Of ContentTThhee LLeepipdiopdteorpoltoegircaollSoocgieitycal Society ooff JJaapapnan
utEwhTyo"toGa,42{2):95 105,1991
BiogeographicPerspective Macrolepidopterous Fauna from
of
Tomakomai Experiment Forest,SouthernHokkaidothe
KunikichiYosHIDA
Tomakomai CityMuseum, Suehir'o3-9-7,Tomakomai, Hokkaido, 053 Japan
Abstract The macrolepidoptereus fauna ef Hokkaido and that of the Tomakemai
Experiment Forest were characterized b) ,several comparisons on differe ngteo-
graphic scales. In comparison on the worlcl scale, the fauna of Holckaiclo was
regarded as a cool temperate type, consisting mainly･ of the Amur and the Siberian
elements, The fauna lccnnposition in the Experiment Fores twtts considered to be
intermediate between southern and northern extremes within Hokkaido, showing the
faunal characteristics of the Ishika rLiowland.
Key words Macrolepidoptera, fauna, cluster analysis, biogeography.
Introduction
Recently, INouE et aL (198 2c)ompiled the vast information on the distributi oofn
moths within Japan. Since 1973 I have been engaged in ecological studies on the moth
community in the Tomakomai Experiment Forest of Hokkaido University, and have
its (YosmDA,1980,1981,1983,
reported several aspects of comrnunity characteristics
1987).
The aim of this paper is to reveal the characteristics of macrolepidopterous fauna
Tomakomai ExperimentForest biogeographic from
of on various scales world-wide
to within Hokkaido,
Study data
area and used
The Tomakomai ExperimentForest Hokkaido University(42'40'1N4,0"31'E)is
of
located foothill(s5 90 Mt.Tarumae,
on south-eastern m above sea-level) of southern
Hokkaido. The Forest (2,7 1h9a) is composed of natural forest s(55% in area),
(31%), forests(9%).
artificial ceniferous afforestations and secondary
The records of macrolepidopterous moths from the Temakomai Experiment
Forest were obtained by ligh ttrap collections carried out at various environments in
and around the Forest during 1973 - 1985 (of Y.osmDA, 1976 ,1980 ,1981 ,1983 ,1987, for
details) .In addition, the recurds from many other areas or localitie sw･ere used for
comparison, based on literature .The data sources are given for each area or locality
subsequently where referred to.
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96 KunikichiYosHmA
Results discussion
and
1. Faunal characteristics of Hokkaido
Table 1 shows the numbers of species of macrolepidopterous familie sand sub-
families recorded from ten areas of the world : Borneo (HoLLowAy ,1976) ; Ryukyu
IslandsA,mami !s,,Kyushu, Shikoku,Honshu, Hokkaido (INouE 1982); Great
et ag,,
Britai n(U ,K,) {KLoET and HINcKs, 1972) ;Denmark (KARsHoLD Tet al., 1985) ;Finland
(JALAv A1,977) , These papers compiled almost complete catalogues of moths in
respective areas, except the data of Borneo, Amami and Ryukyu Island swhere the
surveys are still insufficien t.The data of Borneo are based on a survey which was
carried out by using ligh ttraps at thirteen sites on and near Mt. Kinabalu ,Sabah, from
Jul yto September, 1965 (HoLLowA y1,976) .Total numbers of species are large (>1,OOO
spp.) in Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikok uand Borneo, intermediate (80 0- 850 spp.) in Great
Britain ,Denmark and Finland, and small (40e-60 0spp,) in Amami and Ryukyu
Islands . In various animals and plant sit is generall yknown that species diversity
exhibits a latitudin garladient, increasin tgoward the tropics and decreasin gtoward the
high latitud e(sMAcARTHuR, 1972 ;PIANKA, 1978) ,Certainl ythe total numbers of
species in Borneo will exceed that in Japan Proper if more comprehensive surveys are
made there, On the other hand, the moth fauna of Japan Proper is richer in number
of species than that of Europe, The faunal make-up in all areas is characterized by
two predominant familie s,GEOMETRIDAE and NOCTUIDAE, which occupy in
combination about 70-80% of the total number of species.
Finland
England Europe
Denmark
Hokkaido
Tohoku
Japan Proper
SikokuKyushu
AmamiRyukyu ]
Southwest islands
Borneo ] Borneo
,o,o t r l l l
O.2 O.4 O,6 08 10
SIMILARITY
Fig. 1. Faunal similarit}, at famii yor subfamily level among ten areas.
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Biogeographic Perspective of Macrolepidopterous Fauna ef S, Hokkaido 97
Based on the data in Table 1, a cluster analysis (UPGMA ; SNEA'rH & SoKAL, 1971)
was made to compare faunal similarities at family or subfamily leve lamong the ten
Four largefamilies,GEOMETRIDAE, SPHINGIDAE, ARCTIIDAE
areas, and
NOCTUIDAE, were subjected to the analysis at subfamily level ,and the other smaller
ones at family level .Families or subfamilies with les sthan ten species were omitted
Noctuinae (NO) ] Vl
ZYGAEN1DAE
Sterrhinae (GE)
Arctiinae (AR)
CGE)
Ennominae
ts'shI.agEsl,ll::e.
v
LASIOCAMPIDAE
(NO)
Heliothinaq
Hadeniae KNO)
Cuculliinae {NO)
Plusiinae <NO)
Amphipyrinae (NO)
1･v
NOTODONTIDAE
Pantheinae <NO>
THYAT1R1DAE
NOLI DAE
Acontiinae (NO) 1
Bryophitinae (NO)
EPtPLEMIDAE
LIMACODIDAE
Op h i de r i na e (NO)
Catocalinae (NO)
DREPAN1DAE 111
Geometrinae (GE)
Hypeninae (NO)
SNURNt1DAE
Sarrothrlplnae <NO)
Oenochrominae (GE)
BOMBYCIDAE
LYMANTRtlDAE
Acronictinae (NO) IS
SSP)
Sphinginae
Euteliinae "NOJ
Chloephorinae (NO)
URANIIDAE ]i
HYPSIDAE
Stictopterinae(NO)
1o.o ,O.2 lO.4 'O.6 1O.8 '1.0
SIMILARITY
Fig. 2. Similari toyf gcographic distributio nainong 13 families and 25 subfarnilies of
four large families . Abbreviations of the four large familie s(GE /
GEOMETRIDAE, SPi SPHINGIDAE, ARi ARCTIIDAE, NO: NOCTUIDiXE)
in
are shown parentheses.
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98 Kunikichi YosHIDA
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Biogeographic Perspectiv oef Macrolepidopterous Fauna of S． Hokkaido 99
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国く一・（一国く冖4＝く匡笛． 国くO一「Z匡P←＜りり 【唄の尸り価口口」コ邸 ＝【く中轟⊆b◎ O国くq【嵩H諸らの 咽喟謂の 吋q邸口亀 ◎嘱【署ω詔目琉四c⇔」り閃oo コくO一』」Z←OOZQO冖宀く自［［餌卜客くりく旨』 国♂∩［【←り図く、 潤‘喞』←O邸q o 属♂一O酪口り」隔 悖喟Z 而」o貫g一u＝防 国くqも匙あ＝eH 国くqコO∠ 国く∩H＝O国←O時DZ 国ぐq［⊇←QO4 冖二臨一Φ邸口Φ口口 眉一ぐり閃口り口O」り ＝肩ρ 甲剛口麟o」自 喞ρ…【＝Φo匚←O J 哨u＝一UコoコoZ 嘱℃工o驅口口o黯 篇【［Uo邸口り」口 喟 』《卸訂嘱卜（α臨霞 偏［国O肉口〇一コ 哨一｝＝切り冂⊆」 Ωoり 「［ムωo閃⊆q」］o」σコh 匸‘一』O缶得扈oユ 〇 鴒くo眄口一口oU ＝［らΦ再⊆切冨 ＝Oむ偏員轟り〇一偏 Oτ喞‘o儒⊆QαO ｛国o稲⊆口Φユ・（ 鯨帽…霞O印＝ρ日」O； 叫くH【← 冖出O暢〔くく 【←西o
一
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1OO KunikichiYosHrDA
Fig .3. Geographi cpatterns of six moth groups discriminat ebdy the cluster anal},sis.
from the analysis. PTEROPHORIDAE and Macroglossinae including day-flying
moths were also omitted, because the data for Borneo were obtained by only light
traps. Consequently ,the data of 13 familie sand 25 subfamilies were used for the
analysis, The faunal similarities between all possible pairs of the ten areas were
by Cn index(KIMoTo,1967),The
calculated similarity resulting similarity matrix was
subjected to the cluster analysis, From the dendrogram in Fig. 1 the ten areas were
grouped into four clusters : Borneo, Southwest Islands of Japan (Amami and Ryukyu),
Japan Proper (Hokkaicl Hoo,nshu, Shikoku and Kyushu), and Europe (Finlan Gdr,eat
Britain and DenmarlO.
Similariti eosf geographic distributi oanmong familie sor subfamilies were
compared by the same procedure. As a result, 13 families and 25 subfamilies were
classified into six groups (Fi g2,) :I (URANIIDAE ,HYPSIDAE and Stictopterina eI)I,
(BOMBYCIDAE, LYMANTRIIDAE, Oenochrominae, Acronictinae,Sphinginae,
Euteliinae and Chloephorinae )II,I {LIMACODIDAE, DREPANIDAE, SATURNIIDAE,
Ophiderinae, Catocalinae, Geometrinae, Hypeninae and Sarrothripinae ),IV
(NOTODONTIDAE, THYATIRIDAE, NOLIDAE, EPIPLEMIDAE, Pantheinae,
Acontiinae,Bryophilinae),V (ZYGAENIDAE, LASIOCAMPIDAE, Sterrhinae, Ar-
ctiinae, Ennominae, Lithosiinae ,Larentiinae, Heliothinae, Hadeninae, Cucul]iinae,
Plusiinae and Amphipyrinae), and VI (Noctuinae).
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Biogeographi cPerspective of Macrolepidopterous Fauna of S. Hokkaido 101
si e
f
s8
sS'P
s8
{%)s Z-,,si
1OO % ua
r//Z Type o
Z''iz1//j.liie'silne.e//i//t/j･/S'i./L/S.,!･
80 Iss' Type -A t-{------t--
eeeel･,,,
ew
... Type B
60
[[II[]
Type c
40
--1 ''.' fype D
ei -,
t-/----t-- M
20 i/ ,----t-t------t-t-i-------t- ' Type E
-------i-----
[]
i---t- Type F
o
Fig ,4, Relativ epercentages of seven biogeographi eclements of moths in six areas of
Japan,
On the basis of the raw data in Table 1, the distributi opnatterns of six moth
groups are schematical!y shown in Fig, 3, Groups I, II and II Iare predominant in
Borneo or Southwest Islands ,and their richness decrease sgradually to the higher
latitudes . Group I is absent in Europe, while Groups II and III present there,
Contraril yG,roup VI is predominant in Europe, and its richness decrease stoward the
Equator .Group IV is predominant in Japan Proper, and its richness decrease sboth
north- and southwards, Group V occupies nearly the same percent of the total number
of species in each area from Borneo to Europe. Consequently t,he macrolepidopterous
fauna of Hokkaido consists mainly of moths belonging to Groups IV and V.
,As the next step, the fauna of Hokkaido was compared with those of other areas
in Japan concerning the ratios of component species of different biogeographi cele-
ments (Fi g,4) ,which were classified into the following seven types according to
MIyATA's (198 3s)ystem.
Type O : Specie esndemic to Japan,
Type A : Palaearcti cspecies,
Type B : Species of the Manchurian subregion distribut eodnly in the areas
surrounding the Sea of Japan ,e. g. China, Korea, Manchuria, Ussuri and Amun
Type C : Species distribut emadinly in the continental areas from western China
to the southern side of the Hirnalayan Mountains.
Type D : Malaysian species mainly distribute din Indochina and the Peninsular
Malaysia, furthe rreaching Borneo, Sumatra and Java.
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102 Kunikichi YosHmA
Type E : Indopacifi scpecies distribut ewdider than Type D, extending to New
Guinea Australia.
and
Type F Cosmopolitan
: species,
0bviously percents of Palaearcti celements <Type As and B) increase northward
while those of Orienta lelements (Type sC, D and E) increase southward. The Japanese
Archipelag ois regarded as located in a zone transitiona lbetween the Palaearcti acnd
the Oriental Regions, The moth fauna of Hokkaido is mainly composed of Types A
(21.9%)B,(48.8%) O (18.7%), by Palaearctic
and predominantly characterized ele-
ments.
2. Faunal characteristics of the Tomakomai Experiment Forest
Since YosmDA (197 6re)ported a lis tof 470 macrolepidopterous species collected
from the Tomakomai Experiment Forest, more 84 species have been added to the list
(YosHmA u,npubl.). Consequentl ya total of 554 species were recorded in and around
the Forest in 1973-1985 .The faunal composition of differe nbtiogeographi celements
(of p,revious section) was compared between the Tomakomai Experiment Forest and
the followin g13 localiti eisn Hokkaido (Fi g5,) : Shiriuch i(KuM?xTA u,npubl,); Kita-
slgEcha
Geograph ice)ement
[llSlg
Tvpeo
;'t1fitr/.{l
TypeA
wa
TYpeB
ww
fyp eC,D and E
Y3-t 2rib7a D TypeF
Fig. 5. Relative of seven biogeographic elements in macro]epidopterous
faunas ofper1c4e ntlaogecsalitie isn Hokkaido.
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hiyama (YosHiDA, Shakotan (KusuNoKI,1973,1975,1977,1978);Nopporo
unpubl,);
(SAKAMoTo et al., 1982) ;Yfibari <YAMANk 'an.d HosHiKAwA, 1966; YAMANE et ag., 1968;
YAMANE TAKAHAsHI, 1971;KusuNoKI NAKAyAMA, 1977);Furano(KusuNoKI,
and and
1982,1983); Tokachi (KoGI1,974a,b,1975,1976,1978,1979);Nukabira (ONo,
seuthern
1967); Shibecha (Iu]MA,1975);Kitami (YAzAKI1,978); S6unkyo (YAsuDA,1984;
YAsuDA and KusuNoKI, 1985, 1986) ;Mt. Daisets u(SuwA, 1976) ; Horonobe (KuMATA,
1973) .The data of Furano includ eonly GEOMETRIDAE and those of southern
Tokachi only NOCTUIDAE. The clinal variation, nothward (o rtoward high altitudes)
increase Palaearctic (TypeA) increase Oriental
of elements and southward of elements
(Type sC, D and E), is observed even within Hokkaido. The faunal composition of the
Tomakomai Experiment Forest is intermediat ebetween sQuthem and northern
extremes, and similar to that of Nopporo and Yfibari .The faunal composition of these
three localiti eiss regarded as representing the characteristics of macrolepidopterous
fauna in and near the Ishikari Lowland.
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my cordial thanks to Emeritus Professor Sh6ich iF.
SAKAGAMI and Professo rrVIasano rJi. ToDA of Hokkaido Universit yfor their constant
guidance during the present study and for their critical reading of the manuscript, I
am indebte dto Dr. Toshio KuMA'rA, Hokkaido Universit yf,or supplying literature.
Thanks are also due to Professo rKenkichi IsHIGAK Iand other members of the staff of
the Tomakomai Experiment Forest of Hokkaido Universit yfor the provision of the
faciliti esused in this study. I wish to thank heartly Dr. Hiroshi INouE, Otsuma
Women's UniversityM,r, ShigeroSuGi(Tokyo)D,r.RikioSATo (NiigatMar,),Mitsuru
KAMEDA (Hokkaido)M,r. Ichir6TATEyAMA (Hokkaido)M,r, Hiroyuki KoGI (Hok-
kaido) ,for their kind advice and identification,
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, 1974b. A lis tof noctuid moths in western and southern Tokachi, Hokkaido. Ibid ,(30 ):
573- 584 (i nJapanese),
, l975. A lis tof noctuid moths in western and southern Tokachi, Hokkaido. Ibid. (31 :) 597 -
601{inJapanese).
"' , 1976. A lis tof noctuid moths in western and southern Tokachi, Hokkaido. Jbid .(33 ): 639 -
645 <i nJapanaese).
, 1978. A lis tof noctuicl moths in western and southern Tokachi, Hokkaido. Jbid .(36 ): 697 -
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--
,1979. A lis tof noctuid moths in western and southern Tokachi, Hokkaido. Ibid .(37) :721-
727 (i nJapanese).
"71Pze
KuMATA, T., 1973. Insect fauna of Horonobe Ch6. in Histo,s ,of Hbronobe ChoA" : 37-49 (in
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' - -, l9,781,982 . MGoetohmse torf iSd hmoatkhsota ni n, Htohke kFauirdaon.o IBbaisdi .n1,6 :H ok1k-a1i6de .(i n{JIa) p.aYntetsgea) t.o{90 ): 141-152 (in
Japanese}.
, 1983, Geometrid moths in the Furano Basin ,Hokkaido. (II )f.bid .(92 i )75 - 89 (i nJapanese).
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15(inJapanese).
MAcAR'rHuR, R. H,, 1972. Geogmphica tEcology ;Rittern sin the Distn'buti oonf tspecie s.269 pp.
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, 1985 .Moth fauna of Amami and Ryukyu Island s.Kila-Klynt snhof iKonchf i32 i 73-98.
ONo, H., 1967. Fauna of Higashi Daisetu. Lepidoptera. No. 1. 157 pp. 1fumishihoro Cho" Bunfea
Sousho (i nJapanese},
PiANKA ,E. R. ,1978. Evolutiona tEycology ,397 pp. Harper & Row, Publishers ,Inc,
SAKAMOTO, Y., KADosAKI, M. and S. TAMuRA, 1982. Note on insec tfauna of Nopporo Fores tPark,
Hokkaido. II Lepidopter a.Mem. hist .Mus. Ifokhaido (11 ):3--39 (i nJapanes ewith English
summary).
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nttmen'cal Cgdssijlcat i57o3n .pp. Freeman, San Francisco,
SuwA, M., 1976. Insects of Mt. Daisetsu. h2 `f'rogress roport on Daisetsu Survay Project. "223-272 (in
Japanese),
YAMANE, Sk, and K. HosHiKAwA, 1966. Noctuid-moths from Yfibar iH,okkaido. Ilbxne t5 / 5-12 (in
Japanese).
, and H, IsmzAKI ,1968. Records of some moths taken from Ytibari ,Hokkaido. Jbid,
6: 8- 29 (i nJapanese).
"'r' - and S. TAKAHAsHi, 1971. Records of moths taken from Yabari ,Hokkaiclo .fhid .10 i 37-
55(inJapanese).
YAsuDA, N., 1984. A lis tof the moths from Snunky6 in Mt. Daisets uArea surveyed by means of light
trap, BzfU. Soblnk. vM6zLs. nat. Hist. (4 ): 29-46 (i nJapanese).
and Y, KusuNoKI ,l985, A lis tof the moths from Sounkye )in Mt. Daisetsu Area surveyed by
means of light trap. thid .(5) :I5-2S (i nJapanese).
- "-
and , 1986. A ]is tef the moths froi nSounky6 in rvlt .Daisetsu Area surveyed by
means of ligh ttrap. Ibid .(6) i9-24 Ci nJapanese),
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