Table Of ContentBiofuels from Food Waste
Biofuels from Food Waste
Applications of Saccharification Using
Fungal Solid State Fermentation
Antoine P. Trzcinski
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Trzcinski, Antoine Prandota, author.
Title: Biofuels from food waste : applications of saccharification using
fungal solid state fermentation / Antoine Prandota Trzcinski.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017014056 | ISBN 9781138093720 (acid-free paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Biomass energy. | Food waste. | Fungi--Biotechnologoy.
Classification: LCC TP339 .T78 2017 | DDC 662/.88--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017014056
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Contents
Author .......................................................................................................................ix
Chapter 1 Bioconversion of Food Wastes to Energy ............................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Ethanol Production ....................................................................5
1.2.1 Pretreatments ................................................................5
1.2.2 Saccharification ............................................................5
1.2.3 Process Configurations .................................................6
1.2.4 Other Strategies to Improve Ethanol Yield ..................6
1.2.5 Large-Scale Ethanol Production from Food Waste ......9
1.3 Hydrogen Production .................................................................9
1.3.1 Substrate Composition..................................................9
1.3.2 Pretreatments ..............................................................13
1.3.3 Process Configurations ...............................................13
1.4 Methane Production ................................................................15
1.4.1 Single-Stage Anaerobic Digestion .............................15
1.4.2 Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion .................................15
1.4.3 Reactor Configurations ...............................................21
1.5 Biodiesel Production ................................................................22
1.6 Conclusions ..............................................................................22
Chapter 2 Platform Chemical Production from Food Wastes ............................25
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................25
2.2 Platform Chemical Production ................................................27
2.2.1 Lactic Acid .................................................................27
2.2.2 Citric Acid ..................................................................32
2.2.3 Succinic Acid .............................................................33
2.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates ...............................................38
2.2.5 Single Cell Oils ..........................................................42
2.2.5.1 Single Cell Oil Production Using
Hydrophilic Feedstock ................................43
2.2.5.2 Single Cell Oil Production Using
Hydrophobic Feedstock ..............................43
2.3 Other Chemicals ......................................................................46
2.4 Conclusions ..............................................................................46
Chapter 3 Enzyme Production from Food Wastes ..............................................49
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................49
3.2 Enzyme Production .................................................................50
v
vi Contents
3.2.1 Amylases ....................................................................52
3.2.2 Lignocellulolytic Enzymes .........................................54
3.2.3 Pectinolytic Enzymes .................................................60
3.2.4 Proteases .....................................................................63
3.2.5 Lipases ........................................................................64
3.3 Conclusions ..............................................................................66
Chapter 4 Enhanced Glucoamylase Production by Aspergillus awamori
Using Solid State Fermentation ..........................................................69
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................69
4.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................70
4.2.1 Materials .....................................................................70
4.2.2 Methods ......................................................................70
4.2.2.1 Effect of Particle Size on Solid State
Fermentation ...............................................70
4.2.2.2 Experimental Design for
Enzyme Production ....................................71
4.2.2.3 Solid State Fermentation and
Enzyme Extraction .....................................71
4.2.2.4 Glucoamylase Assay ...................................71
4.2.2.5 Statistical Analysis .....................................72
4.2.2.6 Model Validation ........................................73
4.2.2.7 Analytical Methods ....................................73
4.3 Results and Discussion ............................................................73
4.3.1 Effects of Substrate on Glucoamylase Production .....73
4.3.2 Effects of Temperature ...............................................75
4.3.3 Effects of Particle Size ...............................................77
4.3.4 Effects of Substrate Loading ......................................77
4.3.5 Volume Reduction of Food Waste after
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ................................................79
4.3.6 Utilization of Crude Enzymes for Food Waste
Saccharification ..........................................................79
4.3.7 Optimization of Glucoamylase Production
by Response Surface Methodology ............................81
4.3.8 Validation of the Response Model .............................87
4.4 Conclusions ..............................................................................87
Chapter 5 Enhancing the Hydrolysis and Methane Production Potential of
Mixed Food Wastes by an Effective Enzymatic Pretreatment...........89
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................89
5.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................90
5.2.1 Cake Waste for the Production of Fungal Mash ........90
5.2.2 Production of Fungal Mash ........................................90
5.2.3 Hydrolysis of Food Waste ..........................................91
Contents vii
5.2.4 Anaerobic Digestion of Enzymatically
Pretreated Food Waste ...............................................91
5 2.5 Analytical Methods ....................................................91
5.2.6 Data Analysis .............................................................93
5.3 Results and Discussion ............................................................93
5.3.1 Production of Glucose and Free Amino Nitrogen
from Food Waste Pretreated with Fungal Mash ........93
5.3.2 Release of Soluble COD in Food Waste
Pretreatment with Fungal Mash .................................96
5.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste Pretreated
with Fungal Mash .......................................................96
5.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects ...........................................99
References .............................................................................................................101
Index ......................................................................................................................121
Author
Antoine P. Trzcinski, PhD, received a PhD from the Chemical Engineering
Department of Imperial College London. Dr. Trzcinski developed a novel process
for producing biogas from municipal solid waste and for the treatment of landfill
leachate. In 2009, he carried out research and development at a pilot scale on the
production of value-added products from algae at Manchester University. He worked
extensively on liquid and solid state fermentation processes using biomass such as
sugarcane bagasse, rapeseed meal, coffee waste, waste glycerol, wheat bran, and
soybean residue for the production of sugars, ethanol, enzymes, and biodiesel using
integrated biorefinery concepts. His research interests include fouling mitigation in
membrane bioreactors, characterization of soluble microbial products, identifica-
tion of bacterial and archaeal strains, pharmaceutical and antibiotic removal from
wastewater, fate of nanoparticles in the environment, and bioelectro stimulation of
microbes to improve bioprocesses through interspecies electron transfer (IET). In
2016, he joined the University of Southern Queensland in Australia as a lecturer and
teaches environmental engineering, environmental engineering practice, hydraulics,
solid and liquid waste treatment, and applied chemistry and microbiology as well as
continuing his research in these fields.
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