Table Of ContentBIOFUELS
ECONOMY,
ENVIRONMENT AND
SUSTAINABILITY
Edited by Zhen Fang
BIOFUELS - ECONOMY,
ENVIRONMENT AND
SUSTAINABILITY
Edited by Zhen Fang
Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50478
Edited by Zhen Fang
Contributors
Stephen Hughes, Pantaleo, Nilay Shah, Rosa, Krzysztof Biernat, Artur Malinowski, Malwina Gnat, Minerva Singh, Shonil
Bhagwat, Estelvina Rodriguez-Portillo, Jose Ricardo Duarte Ojeda, Sully Ojeda De Duarte, Anthony Basco Halog, Nana
Awuah Bortsie-Aryee, Annelies Zoomers, Lucía Goldfarb, Suseno Budidarsono, Lílian Lefol Nani Guarieiro, Aline
Guarieiro, Ada Rispoli, Davide Barnabè, Renzo Bucchi, Claudia Letizia Bianchi, Pier Luigi Porta, Daria Camilla Boffito,
Gianni Carvoli, Carlo Pirola, Cristian Chiavetta, James A. Dyer, Raymond L. Desjardins, Suren Kulshreshtha, Brian G.
McConkey, Xavier P.C. Vergé, Marcelo Sthel, Aline Rocha, Maria Castro, Victor Haber Perez, Helion Vargas, Marcelo
Gomes, Georgia Mothe, Wellington Silva, Juliana Rocha, Flavio Couto
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2013 InTech
All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to
download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher
are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work
has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they
are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the
work must explicitly identify the original source.
Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those
of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published
chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the
use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic
Technical Editor InTech DTP team
Cover InTech Design team
First published January, 2013
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability, Edited by Zhen Fang
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0950-1
Contents
Preface VII
Section 1 Feedstocks 1
Chapter 1 Land Use Change Impacts of Biofuels: A Methodology to
Evaluate Biofuel Sustainability 3
D. Barnabè, R. Bucchi, A. Rispoli, C. Chiavetta, P.L. Porta, C.L. Bianchi,
C. Pirola, D.C. Boffito and G. Carvoli
Chapter 2 Tropical Agricultural Production, Conservation and Carbon
Sequesteration Conflicts: Oil Palm Expansion in South
East Asia 39
Minerva Singh and Shonil Bhagwat
Chapter 3 The Drivers Behind the Rapid Expansion of Genetically
Modified Soya Production into the Chaco Region of
Argentina 73
Annelies Zoomers and Lucía Goldfarb
Chapter 4 Integration of Farm Fossil Fuel Use with Local Scale
Assessments of Biofuel Feedstock Production in Canada 97
J.A. Dyer, R.L. Desjardins, B.G. McConkey, S. Kulshreshtha and X.P.C.
Vergé
Chapter 5 The Possibility of Future Biofuels Production Using Waste
Carbon Dioxide and Solar Energy 123
Krzysztof Biernat, Artur Malinowski and Malwina Gnat
Chapter 6 Oil Palm Plantations in Indonesia: The Implications for
Migration, Settlement/Resettlement and Local Economic
Development 173
Suseno Budidarsono, Ari Susanti and Annelies Zoomers
VI Contents
Section 2 Biofuels 195
Chapter 7 The Need for Integrated Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis of
Biofuel Supply Chains 197
Anthony Halog and Nana Awuah Bortsie-Aryee
Chapter 8 The Logistics of Bioenergy Routes for Heat and Power 217
Antonio M. Pantaleo and Nilay Shah
Chapter 9 Sustainable Multipurpose Biorefineries for Third-Generation
Biofuels and Value-Added Co-Products 245
Stephen R. Hughes, William R. Gibbons, Bryan R. Moser and Joseph
O. Rich
Section 3 Environment 269
Chapter 10 Environmental Considerations About the Life Cycle of
Biofuels 271
Estelvina Rodríguez Portillo, José Ricardo Duarte Ojeda and Sully
Ojeda de Duarte
Chapter 11 Environmental Assessment of a Forest Derived
“Drop-in” Biofuel 287
Anthony Halog and Nana Awuah Bortsie-Aryee
Chapter 12 Evaluation of Gaseous Emission in the Use of Biofuels
in Brazil 303
Marcelo Silva Sthel, Aline Martins Rocha, Juliana Rocha Tavares,
Geórgia Amaral Mothé, Flavio Couto, Maria Priscila Pessanha de
Castro, Victor Habez Perez, Marcelo Gomes da Silva and Helion
Vargas
Chapter 13 Biofuels in Brazil in the Context of South America
Energy Policy 325
Luiz Pinguelli, Rosa Alberto Villela and Christiano Pires de Campos
Chapter 14 Vehicle Emissions: What Will Change with Use of
Biofuel? 357
Lílian Lefol Nani Guarieiro and Aline Lefol Nani Guarieiro
Preface
Biofuels are gaining public and scientific attention driven by high oil prices, the need for en‐
ergy security and global warming concerns. There are various social, economic, environ‐
mental and technical issues regarding biofuel production and its practical use. This book is
intended to address these issues by providing viewpoints written by professionals in the
field and the book also covers the economic and environmental impact of biofuels.
This text includes 14 chapters contributed by experts around world on the economy, eviron‐
ment and sustainability of biofuel production and use. The chapters are categorized into 3
parts: Feedstocks, Biofuels, Environment
Section one, focuses on the sustainability and economy of feedstock production. Chapters 1
and 2 discuss the sustainability and biodiversity of land use for biofuel crops. Chapter 3
gives a case study on rapid expansion of soy production in a region of Argentina. Chapter 4
assesses biofuel feedstock production in Canada by farm energy analysis. Chapter 5 ana‐
lyzes the processes of biofuel production using waste carbon dioxide and solar energy.
Chapter 6 presents a case study on social and economic development caused by oil palm
plantation in Indonesia.
Section 2, (Chapters 7-9) analyzes biofuel systems. Chapter 7 evaluates the sustainability of
biofuels via life cycle and integrated sustainability modeling and analysis with considera‐
tion to temporal and spatial dimensions. Chapter 8 overviews the logistics of bioenergy sys‐
tems, with particular attention to the economic and sustainability implications of the
different transport, processing and energy conversion systems for heat and power genera‐
tion. Chapter 9 discusses efficiently converting biomass to biofuels and value-added co-
products.
Section 3, (Chapters 10-14) gives environmental analyses of biofuels. Environmental consid‐
eration and assessment of biofuels are given in Chapters 10 and 11. Evaluation of gaseous
emissions by the use of biofuels is presented in Chapter 12. Energy policies in Brazil related
to climate change and CO2 emission abatement are overviewed in Chapter 13. Finally, vehi‐
cle emissions from biofuel combustion are commented in Chapter 14
This book overviews social, economic, environmental and sustainable issues by the use of
biofuels. It should be of interest for students, researchers, scientists and technologists in bio‐
fuels.
I would like to thank all the contributing authors for their time and efforts in the careful con‐
struction of the chapters and for making this project realizable. It is certain to inspire many
young scientists and engineers who will benefit from careful study of these works and that
VIII Preface
their ideas will lead us to develop and recognize biofuel systems that are economic, sustain‐
able and respectful of our environment.
I am grateful to Ms. Iva Simcic (Publishing Process Manager) for her encouragement and
guidelines during my preparation of the book.
Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude towards my family for their kind coop‐
eration and encouragement, which help me in completion of this project.
Prof. Dr. Zhen Fang
Leader of Biomass Group
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China
Section 1
Feedstocks
