Biofertilizers: Volume 1: Advances in Bio-inoculants

401 Pages·2021·13.75 MB·English

by  Amitava Rakshit (editor), Vijay Singh Meena (editor), Manoj Parihar (editor), H.B. Singh (editor), A.K. Singh (editor)

Biofertilizers
Volume 1: Advances in Bio-inoculants
Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science,
Technology and Nutrition
Biofertilizers
Volume 1: Advances in Bio-inoculants
Edited by
Amitava Rakshit
Vijay Singh Meena
Manoj Parihar
H. B. Singh
A. K. Singh
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Contributors
Numbers in parenthesis indicate the pages on which the authors’ D.R. Biswas (289), Division of Soil Science and Agricul-
contributionsbegin. tural Chemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute
(IARI), New Delhi, India
KhuramShahzadAhmad(211),DepartmentofEnviron-
mental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Manoj Chitara (3), Department of Plant Pathology,
Rawalpindi, Pakistan College of Agriculture, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, India
Nusaibah Syd Ali (143), Department of Plant Protection, Gowardhan Kumar Chouhan (221), Institute of Envi-
Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, ronmentandSustainableDevelopment,BanarasHindu
Serdang, Selangor,Malaysia University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sameh S. Ali (359, 371), Biofuels Institute, School of the S.O. Dahunsi (21), Microbiology Programme, College of
Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu Uni- Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Bowen Uni-
versity,Zhenjiang,China;BotanyDepartment,Faculty versity, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
ofScience, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Osama M. Darwesh (359), Agriculture Microbiology
Shahid Ali (313), Plant Epigenetic and Development, Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo,
Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, Harbin, China Egypt
B.N. Aloo (191), Nelson Mandela African Institution of ShrilaDas(103),DivisionofSoilScienceandAgricultural
Science and Technology, Department of Sustainable Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research
Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation, Arusha, Institute, New Delhi, India
Tanzania; University of Eldoret, Department of Bio- Jos(cid:1)eAlfonsoDom´ınguez-Nu´n˜ez(265),E.T.S.IdeMontes,
logical Sciences,Eldoret, Kenya Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Polit(cid:1)ecnica
RaniaAl-Tohamy(359,371),BiofuelsInstitute,Schoolof de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu Ajinath Dukare (167), Horticultural Crop Processing
University,Zhenjiang, China Division, ICAR-CIPHET, Abohar, Punjab, India
Dolamani Amat (103), Division of Soil Biology, ICAR- TamerElsamahy(359,371),BiofuelsInstitute,Schoolof
Indian Institute ofSoil Science, Bhopal, India the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu Uni-
versity, Zhenjiang,China
SanjayArora(301),ICAR-CentralSoilSalinityResearch
Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow, Uttar Abd El-Raheem R. El-Shanshoury (359, 371), Botany
Pradesh, India Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University,
Tanta, Egypt
Raina Bajpai (239), Department of Mycology and Plant
Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Martin Filion (45), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
HinduUniversity, Varanasi, India Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
B.B. Basak (289), ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and SeemaGarcha(31),DepartmentofMicrobiology,Punjab
Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, India Agricultural University,Ludhiana, Punjab, India
MartaBerrocal-Lobo(265),E.T.S.IdeMontes,Forestaly Aanad Kumar Gaurav (221), Institute of Environment
delMedioNatural,UniversidadPolit(cid:1)ecnicadeMadrid, and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu Uni-
Madrid, Spain versity, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Nidhi Bharti (133), Department of Botany, Savitribai Kamini Gautam (3), ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder
Phule Pune University,Pune, India Research Institute, Jhansi, India
SudeshnaBhattacharjya(103),DivisionofSoilBiology, Neelam Geat (151), Agricultural Research Station,
Agriculture University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
ICAR-IndianInstituteof Soil Science, Bhopal,India
xv
xvi Contributors
AsmaJabeen(211),DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences, Ibrahim M. Matter (371), Agriculture Microbiology
FatimaJinnahWomenUniversity,Rawalpindi,Pakistan Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
Shaan Bibi Jaffri (211), Department of Environmental E.R.Mbega(191),NelsonMandelaAfricanInstitutionof
Sciences,FatimaJinnahWomenUniversity,Rawalpindi, Science and Technology, Department of Sustainable
Pakistan Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation, Arusha,
Tanzania
Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal (221), Institute of Environment
and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu Uni- Rajendra Prasad Meena (3, 69), ICAR-Vivekananda
versity, Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora,
Uttarakhand, India
SurendraSinghJatav(3),DepartmentofSoilScienceand
Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Asif Mehmood (313), Institute of Biological Sciences
Science, BanarasHindu University,Varanasi, India Sarhad University of Science and Information Tech-
nology, Peshawar, Pakistan
Keshani(389),DepartmentofMicrobiology,PunjabAgri-
cultural University,Ludhiana,India Moti Lal Mehriya (151), Agricultural Research Station,
Agriculture University,Jodhpur, Rajasthan,India
NaeemKhan(313),DepartmentofAgronomy,Instituteof
Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, MetwallyA.Metwally(359),BotanyDepartment,Faculty
Gainesville, FL, United States ofScience, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
MichaelKornaros(359,371),LaboratoryofBiochemical Arpan Mukherjee (221), Institute of Environment and
Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University,
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Patras, Patras, Greece
Topwe Milongwe Mwene-Mbeja (323), Faculty of
GaganKumar(239), Department ofMycology and Plant science, Department of Chemistry, University of
Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Congo
Hindu University,Varanasi, India
Sharon Nagpal (329, 389), Department of Microbiology,
Jitendra Kumar (95), Department of Botany, Dolphin Punjab AgriculturalUniversity,Ludhiana,India
(PG) College of Science & Agriculture, Fatehgarh
Amy Novinscak (45), University of Moncton, Moncton,
Sahib,Punjab, India
NB,Canada
Pankaj Kumar (95), Department of Microbiology,
O.J. Ogunwole (21), Department of Environmental Man-
Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sci-
agement and Crop Production, Bowen University,
ences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
Roshan Kumar (167), Central University of Punjab,
Manoj Parihar (3, 69), ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya
Bhatinda, Punjab,India
Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand,
K.C. Kumawat (389), Department of Microbiology, India
PunjabAgricultural University,Ludhiana, India
JaiSinghPatel(239),DepartmentofPlantFoodandEnvi-
KailashChandKumawat(329),DepartmentofMicrobi-
ronmentalSciences,DalhousieUniversity,Halifax,NS,
ology,PunjabAgriculturalUniversity,Ludhiana, India
Canada
R.K.S. Kushwaha (95), Department of Botany, Christ
Sangeeta Paul (167), Division of Microbiology, ICAR-
Church College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
IARI, New Delhi, India
PrabhjotKaurMaan(31),DepartmentofMicrobiology,
SurajyotiPradhan(69),Orissa UniversityofAgriculture
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab,
andTechnology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha,India
India
MahendraVikramSinghRajawat(151),ICAR-National
H.M.S.P.Madawala(83),DepartmentofBotany,Faculty
Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms,
of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri
Mau Nath Bhanjan,UttarPradesh, India
Lanka
HanumanRam(69),ICAR-VivekanandaParvatiyaKrishi
B.A.Makumba(191),MoiUniversity,DepartmentofBio-
Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
logical Sciences, Eldoret,Kenya
KiranRana(3,69),DepartmentofAgronomy,Instituteof
Alessandro Manni (359, 371), Department of Industrial
Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,
Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome,
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Italy
Contributors xvii
MahtabRashid(239),DepartmentofMycologyandPlant ChhaviSirohi(3),ChaudharyCharanSinghHaryanaAgri-
Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras culture University,Hisar, India
HinduUniversity, Varanasi, India
Mabrouk Sobhy (371), Food Science and Technology
P. Ray (289), ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria Uni-
LandUse Planning, Regional Center,Jorhat,India versity, Alexandria, Egypt; School of Food and Bio-
logical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang,
RoxaneRoquigny(45),UniversityofMoncton,Moncton,
China
NB,Canada
AlexeiSolovchenko(57),LomonosovMoscowStateUni-
D. Sahni (301), ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research
versity, Moscow; Derzhavin Tambov State University,
Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow, Uttar
Tambov, Russia
Pradesh, India
JianzhongSun(359,371),BiofuelsInstitute,Schoolofthe
Estibaliz Sansinenea (183), Facultad de Ciencias Qu´ı-
micas, Benem(cid:1)erita Universidad Auto´noma de Puebla, Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu Uni-
Puebla, M(cid:1)exico versity, Zhenjiang,China
Birinchi Kumar Sarma (239), Department of Mycology Mangesh Suryavanshi (133), Sanjeevan Agrotechniques,
andPlantPathology,InstituteofAgriculturalSciences, Kolhapur, India
Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi, India J.C. Tarafdar (347), Former UGC Emeritus Professor &
Muhammad Adnan Shahid (313), Department of Agri- ICAR Emeritus Scientist, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
culture, Nutrition and Food Systems, University of BasavarajTeli(239),DepartmentofMycologyandPlant
New Hampshire, Durham,NH,UnitedStates Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras
PoonamSharma(329,389),DepartmentofPlantBreeding HinduUniversity, Varanasi, India
andGenetics,PunjabAgriculturalUniversity,Ludhiana, YourmilaThakur(3),Dr.Y.S.ParmarUniversityofHor-
India ticulture andForestry, Solan,India
Vikas Sharma (167), Division of Microbiology, ICAR- Shobit Thapa (151), ICAR-National Bureau of Agricul-
IARI, New Delhi,India turallyImportant Microorganisms,Mau Nath Bhanjan,
Akanksha Singh (253), Department of Microbial Tech- UttarPradesh, India
nology and Nematology, CSIR- Central Institute of Pratibha Tripathi (253), Department of Agronomy and
Medicinal and AromaticPlants, Lucknow, India Soil Science, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and
Ashish Kumar Singh (3, 69), ICAR-Vivekananda Par- Aromatic Plants, P.O.CIMAP,Lucknow, India
vatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora,
Jay Prakash Verma (221), Institute of Environment and
Uttarakhand,India
Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University,
DevendraSingh(151),ICAR-CentralAridZoneResearch Varanasi, UttarPradesh, India
Institute, Jodhpur,Rajasthan, India
Petr Zaitsev (57), Lomonosov Moscow State University,
N. Raju Singh (3), ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Moscow, Russia
Region, Patna,India
AntoineZboralski(45),UniversityofMoncton,Moncton,
Y.P. Singh (301), ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research NB, Canada
Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow, Uttar
Vasilii Zotov (57), Federal Research Centre “Funda-
Pradesh, India
mentals of Biotechnology” RAS, Moscow, Russia
Chapter 1
Microbial biofertilizer: Types, applications,
and current challenges for sustainable
agricultural production
Kamini Gautama,Chhavi Sirohib,N. Raju Singhc, Yourmila Thakurd, SurendraSingh Jatave,Kiran Ranaf,
Manoj Chitarag,Rajendra Prasad Meenah,Ashish KumarSinghh, and Manoj Pariharh
aICAR-IndianGrasslandandFodderResearchInstitute,Jhansi,India,bChaudharyCharanSinghHaryanaAgricultureUniversity,Hisar,India
cICAR-ResearchComplexforEasternRegion,Patna,India,dDr.Y.S.ParmarUniversityofHorticultureandForestry,Solan,India,eDepartmentofSoil
ScienceandAgriculturalChemistry,InstituteofAgriculturalScience,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi,India,fDepartmentofAgronomy,Instituteof
AgriculturalSciences,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India,gDepartmentofPlantPathology,CollegeofAgriculture,GBPUAT,
Pantnagar,India,hICAR-VivekanandaParvatiyaKrishiAnusandhanSansthan,Almora,Uttarakhand,India
1.1 Introduction
Currently,worldpopulationhascrossed7.75billionandisincreasingataquitehigherrateeveryyear.Thisraisesconcern
overhowtotacklechallengespertainingtofoodandnutritionalsecurityfortheincreasingpopulation.Ourlandareaisfixed
andoutoftotalworldsurfacearea11%(1.5billionha)isusedforcultivation.Therefore,theever-increasingdemandsof
humanbeingsforfood,fruits,fodder,fiber,fuel,medicines,andnon-woodproductseitherneedanadditionallandtomeet
thesedemandsorrequireenhancementintheproductivityoftheexistingcultivatedland(Bruinsma,2009;Clay,2010).At
thetimeofgreenrevolution,tofeedtherisingpopulation,high-yieldingvarietieswereintroducedwhichweredependenton
heavydosesofchemicalfertilizersandotheragrochemicalswhichhasnowchangedtheentirestructureandfunctionsof
agroecosystemsandposedundesirableeffectsonthesustainabilityofagroecosystems(BrahmaprakashandSahu,2012).
Applicationofchemicalfertilizersinagriculturalfieldswithoutanyscientificrecommendationhasresultedintheeutro-
phicationoflakes,decreaseinoxygeninwater,enhancedgreenhousegasemissions,andmetaltoxicity(Brahmaprakash
andSahu,2012).Reachingthegoalofagriculturesustainabilityshouldnotcompromisethecapabilitiesofnaturalresources
fortheforthcominggenerationstomeettheirownrequirementsbutinsteadconservetheminthesamecapacity(Calabi-
Floody et al., 2018). Therefore a sustainable and eco-friendly interventions/techniques are needed to support the con-
sumptionrequirementofagriculture-basedproducts.Inthisregard,thebiofertilizershasbeenprovedtobeeco-friendly,
crop productivityenhancing, cheap, and easy touse alternative.
Biofertilizer/microbialinoculantscontainingoneormorebeneficialmicrobesinaviablestatesuchasseed,rootdip,and
soil application, generally enhance the crop/plant productivity through higher nutrient uptake and by providing greater
resistance against abiotic and biotic stress (Fig. 1.1). They are generally defined as formulations consisting of active or
latent strains of microorganisms mostly bacteria alone or in combination with algae or fungi with a capacity to directly
or indirectly restore microbial activity leading to the enhancement in mobilization of soil nutrients (Suyal et al., 2016).
Thesearecustomizedformulationswhichdeployfunctionalcharacteristicsofmicroorganismstorestructuresoilsystems
andcroppingpatternstoobtainhigheragriculturalsustainability(Suyaletal.,2016).Thus,everyunitofchemicalfertilizers
that is substituted by biofertilizers increases agricultural sustainability, and improves the structure and function of eco-
system by reducing hazardous chemical load in ecosystem(Brahmaprakash and Sahu, 2012). There are several benefits
ofapplicationofbiofertilizerssuchasnutrientfixationinrootzone(rhizosphere),enhancementofcropproductivity,soil
healthmaintenance,bioremediationofheavymetalcontaminatedsoil,biologicalcontrolofplantpathogens,etc.(Sneha
et al., 2018),which are discussed inthis chapter.
Biofertilizers.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821667-5.00014-2
©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 3
4 SECTION A Generalconcepts,productiontechnologyandproperties
FIG.1.1 Benefitsofusingbiofertilizersinagriculture.
1.2 Classification and action mechanism of microbial biofertilizers
The microbial biofertilizers improves plant growth either directly by acquiring essential resources with changing plant
growth hormones or indirectly by applying regulatory mechanism on various plant pathogens such as biocontrol agents
(Fig.1.2).
1.2.1 Direct mechanism
1.2.1.1 Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen(N)isthemostimportantessentialprimarynutrientthatisvitalforplantgrowth.Nitrogenfixationisanimportant
processthatmakesnitrogenavailabletoplants.Innitrogenfixation,two-thirdoftheNisfixedviabiologicalrouteandthe
FIG.1.2 Schematicdiagramrepresentingplantgrowth-promotionthroughmicrobialbiofertilizersactivity.
Microbialbiofertilizer Chapter 1 5
remaining through chemical process, i.e., Haber-Bosch process (Rubio and Ludden, 2008). Biological nitrogen fixation
(BNF)isanenvironmentfriendlyandeconomicapproach(Ladhaetal.,1997)whichreducestheconsumptionofnonre-
newablefossilfuel,emissionofGHGgasses,nitrogenlosses,andimprovethesoilqualityanditshealthinthelongterm
(Erisman et al., 2007; Olivares et al., 2013; Arma, 2016). Therefore BNF is more sustainable and economically safer
approach in wider perspective. Further BNF categorized into (a) symbiotic N fixation by leguminous (Ahemad and
Khan, 2012; Zahran, 2001) and nonleguminous plants in association with rhizobium, and (b) nonsymbiotic N fixation
byfreelivingmicro-organismse.g.,cyanobacteria(Nostoc,Anabaena),Azotobacter,Gluconacetobacterdiazotrophicus,
Azospirillum,Azocarus,etc.(BhattacharyyaandJha,2012).However,symbioticNfixationismoreimportantNfixation
process than nonsymbiotic one and fixes significantly higher amount of atmospheric N (Glick, 2012). Recently, many
studieshavereportedthepositiveimpactsoftheapplicationoftheseN-fixingmicrobialinoculantsonvariouscropssuch
aswheat,rice,maize,soybeans,peanut,chickpea,etc.(Cassa´netal.,2009;Vargasetal.,2010:,Shariatmadarietal.,2013;
Laranjo et al., 2014;Abd-Alla et al., 2017).
1.2.1.2 Phosphate solubilization
Phosphorus(P)asakeyplantelementplaysanimportantroleinnumerousplantdevelopmentalprocesses,e.g.,respiration,
photosynthesis,energyregulation,andbiosynthesisofmacromolecules(Khanetal.,2010).DespiteabundantpresenceofP
insoil,itsavailabilitytotheterrestrialplantsisverylimitedbecausemostofthesoilPremainsininsolubleform.Therefore,
externalapplicationofPfertilizersisbeingpracticed.RegularapplicationofPfertilizersiscostlyandundesirableforenvi-
ronmentalsustainability(Sharmaetal.,2013;Lugtenbergetal.,2013).Inthiscontext,useofphosphate-solubilizingmicro-
organisms (PSM) provides an alternate viable solution to the chemical fertilizers (Khan et al., 2006). Till date various
phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms such as Burkholderia, Azotobacter, Aspergillus niger, Bacillus, Paenibacillus
macerans,Enterobacter,Beijerinckia,Erwinia,Flavobacterium,Pseudomonas,Microbacterium,Penicillium,Rhizobium,
and Serratia have been reported as most effective strains (Bhattacharyya and Jha, 2012). The beneficial effects of PSM
inoculation in either single (Ahemad and Khan, 2011; Poonguzhali et al., 2008) or in combination (Zaidi and Khan,
2005;VikramandHamzehzarghani, 2008)with other microbes have been reported.
1.2.1.3 Siderophore production
ThewordsiderophoreisderivedfromGreeklanguagewhichmeans“ironcarriers”.Thesiderophoreareorganicmolecules
withlowmolecularweightandareproducedbybacteriaandfungiunderironstresscondition.Ironasavitalnutrientis
requiredbyallformsoflife.Underaerobiccondition,insolublehydroxidesandoxyhydroxidesareformedbyironwhich
becomesinaccessibletoplantsandmicroorganisms(Rajkumaretal.,2010).Siderophoresactasironchelatorswhichhave
highaffinityforcomplexingironandsolubilizetheironfrommineralsandorganiccompoundsunderlowironcondition
(Indiragandhi et al., 2008). Plants assimilate Fe from microbial siderophore using direct uptake or by ligand exchange
mechanism(Schmidt,1999).Studieshaveconfirmedthebeneficialeffectsofsiderophoreproducingmicrobialinoculation
on plant growth promotion. For example, Sharma et al. (2003) reported reduction in chlorotic symptoms along with
increaseiniron,chlorophylla,andchlorophyllbcontentscomparedtocontrolwhenplants(Vignaradiata)wereinoculated
with PseudomonasstrainGRP3.
1.2.1.4 Phytohormone production
About80%ofmicrobesisolatedfromrhizospherehavetheabilitytoproducesecondarymetabolitessuchasauxins(indole-
3-acetic acid/indole-acetic acid/IAA). IAA significantly influences the rhizobacteria-plant interaction because microbe-
secreted IAA interferewith the plantdevelopmental process or reciprocallyit may change the gene expression inmany
microbes (SpaepenandVanderleyden,2011;Glick,2012).Moreover,IAAinfluencesplant celldivision; increases seed
germination;enhancestherateofxylemandrootdevelopment;initiatesrootformation;mediatesresponsestolight;affects
photosynthesis, gravity, and florescence; pigment formation; biosynthesis of secondary and primary metabolites; and
provideresistanceunderstresscondition.OtherthanIAA,importantplantgrowthregulatorssuchascytokininsandgib-
berellins(GAs)arealsoproducedbysoilmicrobes.Inmanyreports,cytokininsynthesisbyPseudomonas,Azospirillum,
Bacillus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas is positively associated with phyto-stimulation and plant
growth.Otherphytohormonessuchasgibberellinproductionhasbeenreportedinbothbacteriaandfungi;however,exact
roleofgibberellicacidproducedviabacteriaisunknownandismainlyusedforimprovingseedgerminationrate(Goswami
et al., 2016).