Table Of ContentB P D
IODIVERSITY LANNING AND ESIGN
S P
U S T A I N A B L E R A C T I C E S
J A ,
ACK HERN
E L , M L Y
LISABETH EDUC AND ARY EE ORK
Landscape Architecture Foundation
ABOUT ISLAND PRESS
Island Press is the only nonprofit organization in the United States whose principal purpose is the publi-
cation of books on environmental issues and natural resource management. We provide solutions-orient-
ed information to professionals, public officials, business and community leaders, and concerned citizens
who are shaping responses to environmental problems.
Since 1984, Island Press has been the leading provider of timely and practical books that take a mul-
tidisciplinary approach to critical environmental concerns. Our growing list of titles reflects our commit-
ment to bringing the best of an expanding body of literature to the environmental community through-
out North America and the world.
Support for Island Press is provided by the Agua Fund, The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation,
Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, The Ford Foundation, The William and Flora Hewlett
Foundation, The Joyce Foundation, Kendeda Sustainability Fund of the Tides Foundation, The Forrest
& Frances Lattner Foundation, The Henry Luce Foundation, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur
Foundation, The Marisla Foundation, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore
Foundation, The Curtis and Edith Munson Foundation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Oak
Foundation, The Overbrook Foundation, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Wallace Global
Fund, The Winslow Foundation, and other generous donors.
The opinions expressed in this book are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views
of these foundations.
ABOUT THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FOUNDATION
The Landscape Architecture Foundation is a national nonprofit organization whose mission is the preser-
vation, improvement, and enhancement of the environment. LAF accomplishes its mission through infor-
mation, research, leadership development, and scholarship on sustainable landscape planning and design.
Sustainable land design provides a holistic, systemic way of integrating science, design, and tech-
nology to issues at the intersection of land, people, and nature and is relevant to critical issues such as
urban revitalization, transportation, public health and safety, affordable housing, cultural identity, and
water and air quality.
LAF’s purpose is to support design and planning solutions that preserve and conserve natural and
cultural resources and create safer, healthier, more livable communities.
ABOUT THE LAND AND COMMUNITY DESIGN CASE STUDY SERIES
The Landscape Architecture Foundation’s Land and Community Design Case Studiesis a series of analytical
publications by contemporary scholars and practitioners about topical issues and actual places in which
design offers holistic solutions to economic, social, and environmental problems. The goal of the series is
to provide a legacy of critical thinking that will advance enlightened planning and development in the
classroom, in practice and in policy.
B P D
IODIVERSITY LANNING AND ESIGN
B P D
IODIVERSITY LANNING AND ESIGN
S P
U S T A I N A B L E R A C T I C E S
J A
ACK HERN
E L
LIZABETH EDUC
M L Y
ARY EE ORK
WASHINGTON • COVELO • LONDON
© 2006 Island Press
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without
permission in writing from the publisher:
Island Press, Suite 300, 1718 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009
ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of the Center for Resource Economics.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ahern, Jack (John F.)
Biodiversity planning and design : sustainable practices / Landscape Architecture
Foundation ; Jack Ahern, Elizabeth Leduc, and Mary Lee York.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-1-59726-108-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-59726-108-4 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-1-59726-109-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-59726-109-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Biodiversity--Conservation. 2. Landscape design. 3. Restoration ecology. 4.
Sustainable development. I. Leduc, Elizabeth. II. York, Mary Lee. III. Title.
QH75.A347 2006
333.95'16--dc22
2006021688
Printed on recycled, acid-free paper
Design by Lyle Rosbotham
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C O N T E N T S
CASE STUDY METHODS AND DESIGN 1
C H A P T E R 1
INTRODUCTION:
BIODIVERSITY PLANNING AND DESIGN 3
C H A P T E R 2
WOODLAND PARK ZOO 23
C H A P T E R 3
DEVENS FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTER
COMPLEX: STORMWATER PROJECT 37
C H A P T E R 4
CROSSWINDS MARSH 47
C H A P T E R 5
WILLAMETTE VALLEY ALTERNATIVE
FUTURES PROJECT 57
C H A P T E R 6
FLORIDA STATEWIDE GREENWAYS SYSTEM
PLANNING PROJECT 69
C H A P T E R 7
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 79
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 91
GLOSSARY 93
BIBLIOGRAPHY 99
INDEX 107
C A S E S T U D Y
M E T H O D S A N D
D E S I G N
The research methods used in this study are based on the article “A Case Study Method
for Landscape Architecture” (Francis 2001) and Yin’s methods (1994) for case study
design and analysis. We also consulted the Land and Community Design Case Study
Series, jointly published by the Landscape Architecture Foundation (LAF) and Island
Press (Francis 2003a, 2003b; Schneider 2003). In this work, a range of case study
research methods were used, including structured interviews, document review, proj-
ect review, field visits, and published literature. To gain a broader perspective on each
case, a range of information sources were consulted, including landscape architecture
and planning academicians, ecologists and conservation biologists, landscape architect
practitioners, and U.S. agency professionals.
This issue-based case study examined the topic of biodiversity from an applications
perspective in both public and private landscape architecture and planning practice.
Through a cross-case analysis method, the research analyzed strategies and approaches
to biodiversity planning, design, restoration, and management. It considered biodiver-
sity across a spectrum from statewide to individual project scales. The cases are pre-
sented in a sequence from fine to broad scale, starting with site-based projects in
Washington, Massachusetts, and Michigan, and then moving to river basin and
statewide planning efforts in Oregon and Florida.
R E S E A R C H P R O C E S S
The case study selection and analysis followed several specific steps:
1. Review biodiversity planning and design from multiple perspectives to deter-
mine definitions, trends, key questions, and planning and design strategies.
2. Review literature on biodiversity and apply it for constructing research proposi-
tions to structure the case study design, protocol, and analysis.
3. Select projects to represent (a) a diversity of scales (alpha, beta, gamma), (b) mul-
tiple geographic contexts in the United States (Washington, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Oregon, and Florida), (c) significant involvement of landscape archi-
