Biodiversity of demersal fish along the estuarine

301 Pages·2013·12.93 MB·English

Biodiversity of demersal fish along the
estuarine - shelf regions of Goa
Thesis submitted to
Goa University
for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
in
Marine Sciences
53 7 7 7
By
I
D
Vinay P. Padate
Department of Marine Sciences
Goa University, Goa - 403 206, INDIA
October, 2010
5'2G
Dedicated to
Late Shri (Dr) Kethavrao Yoshi
Statement
As required by the University ordinance 0.19.8 (vi), I state that the
present thesis entitled "Biodiversity of demersal fish along the
estuarine — shelf regions of Goa" is my original contribution and
the same has not been submitted on any previous occasion. To the
best of my knowledge the present study is the first comprehensive
work of its kind from the area mentioned.
The literature related to the problem investigated has been cited. Due
acknowledgements have been made wherever facilities and
suggestions have been availed of.
Vinay P. Padate
Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Biodiversity of demersal
fish along the estuarine shelf regions of Goa", submitted by Mr.
—
Vinay P. Padate for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine
Sciences is based on his original studies carried out by him under my
supervision. The thesis or any part thereof has not been previously
submitted for any degree or diploma in any Universities or
Institutions.
(cid:127)
Dr. C.U. (cid:127) ivonker
Research Guide
Associate Professor
Department of Marine Sciences
Goa University
Taleigao Plateau, 403 206, Goa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude to my guide, Dr. C.U.
Rivonker, for giving me an opportunity to work on a unique research problem under
his able guidance.
I would like to express my gratitude to the Head, Department of Marine
Sciences and members of the FRC for their timely suggestions. Further, thanks are
due to the Director, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa for allowing me to
participate in the Ballast water Project which has been funded by the Directorate
General of Shipping, Government of India. I am highly indebted to Dr. A.C. Anil,
Senior Scientist, MCMRD, NIO and coordinator of the project for the timely
discussions that enhanced my scientific aptitude. I would always be indebted to Dr.
S.S. Sawant, Senior Scientist, NIO for his help and support. I convey my gratitude to
Mr. K. Venkat, Senior Technical Officer, NIO for extending technical assistance, Dr.
Dattesh Desai, Scientist, NIO and Dr. Lidita Khandeparker, Scientist, NIO for their
help in the DNA sequencing.
I am also indebted to Mr V. Khedekar, Senior Technical Officer, GOD, NIO
for the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photography of the crab specimens. The
help extended by Dr. M.P. Tapaswi, Documentation Officer, NIO in obtaining the
references from different places is gratefully acknowledged.
I also take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to Dr. B.F. Chhapgar,
an eminent carcinologist for his valuable suggestions in confirming the identity of the
newly described species. Further, I acknowledge Dr. Mark Siddall, Curator at the
American Museum of Natural History, New York for his timely help in providing
Charybdis philippinensis specimens on loan for reference purpose.
I thank the anonymous reviewers for the constructive criticism that enhanced
the quality of the published papers.
I would whole — heartedly thank my colleagues Nutan and Tomchou for
teaching me the intricacies of data handling, processing and presentation, Vineel for
the artwork techniques, Mahabaleshwar and Ganesh for their help extended during my
stay at the Department. A special thanks to my colleagues at the MCMRD, NIO
(Dhiraj, Rajat, Amar, Kirti, Lalita and Vinayak) for extending help during my work at
the NIO. Finally, I take this opportunity to thank my close friends at the University,
Shivraj, Santosh, Sweety, Shilpa, Renosh and Milind for supporting me during the
study period. I would also like to thank the non — teaching staff of the Department of
Marine Sciences for extending me all the help during my laboratory work. I wish to
specially thank the fishing crew of the "Jesus Bless" trawler for allowing me to collect
fish samples.
I wish to express deep sense of gratitude to Shri. Dada Samant, Smt. Suvarna
Teli, Shri. Prashant Padate and Shri. Satish Yedve for their blessings and support for
my endeavour. I would also take this opportunity to specially thank Dr. Subodh
Sawant for his kind support and encouragement. I make a special mention of my
mother Late Mrs. Vandana Padate, whose memory has been the sole source of
inspiration on my path to seek knowledge and my parents, Mr. Pandharinath and Mrs.
Yamini Padate for their blessings, without which this endeavour would not have
materialized.
Vinay Padate
CONTENTS
Page No.
List of Tables (cid:9) i — ii
List of Figures (cid:9) iii — vi
Chapter 1. General Introduction (cid:9) 1
1.1. Background information (cid:9) 1
1.2. (cid:9) Literature review (cid:9) 2
1.3. (cid:9) Objectives (cid:9) 6
Chapter 2. Materials and Methods (cid:9) 7
2.1. (cid:9) Study area (cid:9) 7
2.2. (cid:9) Sample collection (cid:9) 9
2.3. Taxonomic identification and morphometry (cid:9) 11
2.4. (cid:9) Sample preservation (cid:9) 12
2.5. 18S rDNA sequencing (cid:9) 12
2.6. Data compilation and processing (cid:9) 13
2.6.1. Faunal composition (cid:9) 13
2.6.2. Faunal abundance (numbers) and weight (cid:9) 13
2.6.3. Species diversity indices (cid:9) 14
2.6.3a. Shannon — Wiener's diversity index (cid:9) 14
2.6.3b. Heip's evenness index (cid:9) 15
2.6.3c. Margalefs species richness (cid:9) 15
2.6.3d. Simpson's dominance index (cid:9) 15
2.6.4. Cluster analysis (cid:9) 16
2.6.5. Functional guilds (cid:9) 16
2.6.6. Determination of catch rate (cid:9) 17
Chapter 3. Demersal faunal community structure off Goa (cid:9) 18
3.1. (cid:9) Introduction (cid:9) 18
3.2. (cid:9) Literature review (cid:9) 18
3.3. (cid:9) Results (cid:9) 22
3.3.1. Species composition (cid:9) 22
3.3.2. New records for the study area (cid:9) 23
3.3.3. Quantitative analysis (cid:9) 23
3.3.3 a. Overall data (cid:9) 23
3.3.3b. Crustaceans (cid:9) 26
3.3.3c. Fin fish (cid:9) 29
3.3.3d. Molluscs (cid:9) 36
3.3.3e. Other fauna (cid:9) 38
3.3.3f. Coastal residents and migrants (cid:9) 39
3.3.3g. Diversity (cid:9) 39
3.3.4. Faunal associations (cid:9) 41
3.3.4a. Family level (cid:9) 41
3.3.4b. Family level: pre — monsoon season (cid:9) 41
3.3.4c. Family level: post — monsoon season (cid:9) 42
3.3.4d. Species level (cid:9) 43
3.3.4e. Species level: pre — monsoon season (cid:9) 43
3.3.4f. Species level: post — monsoon season (cid:9) 44
3.3.5. Catch rates of the study area (cid:9) 45
3.4. (cid:9) Discussion (cid:9) 46
3.5. (cid:9) Conclusion (cid:9) 61
Chapter 4. Description of Charybdis (Charybdis) goaensis, new
species (cid:9) 62
4.1. (cid:9) Introduction (cid:9) 62
4.2. Literature review (cid:9) 62
4.3. Taxonomy (cid:9) 65
4.3.1. Family Portunidae Rafinesque — Schmaltz, 1815 (cid:9) 65
4.3.2. Subfamily Thalamitinae Paul'son, 1875 (cid:9) 66
4.3.3. Genus Charybdis De Haan, 1833 (cid:9) 66
4.3.4. Charybdis (Charybdis) goaensis sp. nov. (cid:9) 67
4.3.4a. Material examined (cid:9) 67
4.3.4b. Diagnosis (cid:9) 67
4.3.4c. Description (cid:9) 68
4.3.4d. Colour (cid:9) 71
4.3.4e. Etymology (cid:9) 71
4.3.4f. Distribution (cid:9) 71
4.3.4g. Habitat characteristics (cid:9) 71
4.3.4h. Habit (cid:9) 72
4.3.4i. Remarks (cid:9) 72
4.3.5. Charybdis (Charybdis) philippinensis Ward, 1941 (cid:9) 74
4.3.5a. Original description by Ward (1941) (cid:9) 74
4.3.5b. Updated description of type specimens — C. philippinensis (cid:9) 76
4.3.6. Key to the species of swimming crabs of the sub — genus
Charybdis(cid:9) 78
4.4. Conclusion (cid:9) 87
Chapter 5. A new record of Caesio cuning outside its known
geographical array (cid:9) 88
5.1. (cid:9) Introduction (cid:9) 88
5.2. (cid:9) Literature review (cid:9) 88
5.3. Taxonomy (cid:9) 89
5.3.1. Family Caesionidae (cid:9) 89
5.3.2. Genus Caesio Lacepede, 1801 (Carpenter, 1988) (cid:9) 90
5.3.3. Caesio cuning (Bloch, 1791) (cid:9) . (cid:9) 90
5.3.3a. Material examined (cid:9) 90
5.3.3b. Description (cid:9) 91
5.4. (cid:9) Discussion (cid:9) 92
5.5. (cid:9) Conclusion (cid:9) 96
Chapter 6. A new record of Scylla olivacea from Goa —
A comparative diagnosis (cid:9) 97
6.1. (cid:9) Introduction (cid:9) 97
6.2. (cid:9) Literature review (cid:9) 97
6.3. Taxonomy (cid:9) 102
6.3.1. Morph 1 (cid:9) 103
6.3.1a. Material examined (cid:9) 103
6.3.1b. Description (cid:9) 103
6.3.2. Scylla olivacea (Herbst, 1796) description by Keenan et al. (1998) 105
6.3.3. Morph 2 (cid:9) 105
6.3.3a. Material examined (cid:9) 105
6.3.3b. Description (cid:9) 106
6.3.4. Statistical analysis (cid:9) 108
6.3.5. DNA sequencing (cid:9) 108
6.3.6. Geographical distribution of Scylla olivacea (cid:9) 108
6.4. (cid:9) Conclusion (cid:9) 109
Chapter 7. Puffer fish diversity off Goa (cid:9) 110
7.1. (cid:9) Introduction (cid:9) 110
7.2. (cid:9) Literature review (cid:9) 110
7.3. Taxonomy(cid:9) 111
7.3.1. Family Tetraodontidae Fritzsche, 1982 (cid:9) 111
7.3.2. Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (cid:9) 114
7.3.3. Chelonodon patoca (Hamilton, 1822) (cid:9) 115
7.3.4. Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson, 1845) (cid:9) 116
7.3.5. Takifugu oblongus (Bloch, 1786) (cid:9) 117
7.3.6. Genus Tetraodon Linnaeus, 1758 (cid:9) 118
7.3.7. Tetraodon fluviatilis fluviatilis Hamilton, 1822 (cid:9) 121
7.3.7a. Dekkers' (1975) description (cid:9) 121
7.3.7b. Present specimens — comparison with Dekkers' description (cid:9) 122
7.3.7c. DNA sequencing (cid:9) 123
7.4. (cid:9) Discussion (cid:9) 123
7.5. (cid:9) Conclusion (cid:9) 124
(cid:9)
Chapter 8. Summary 125
(cid:9)
Bibliography 127
Appendix